THE 

EPIGRAPHICAL EVIDENCE 



FOR THE 



REIGNS OF VESPASIAN AND TITUS 



A Thesis presented to the University Faculty of Cornell 
University, for the Degree of Doctor of 
Philosophy, June, 1902 



BY 



HOMER CURTIS NEWTON 



ITHACA, N. Y. 
I902 






V 



*'> 



Copyright, 1901, 
By Cornell University 

AIJ, RIGHTS RESERVED 



ITHACA, N. Y. 

PRESS OF ANDRUS & CHURCH 

1901 



/ 



o 



PREFACE. /X- 



The study of inscriptions and the evidence gathered from these 
monuments of past ages are greatly changing our histories of an- 
cient Greece and Rome. By means of them disputed points are 
settled with certainty, dates are fixed, and innumerable facts are 
brought to light that could never have been learned from our ex- 
tant literary sources. 

Hence it is that no historian of the present day can afford to 
neglect the science of epigraphy. This is true for any period 
from the late republic down to the fourth century of the empire, 
but it is especially true for the period of the Flavian emperors. 
Students of Roman history have suffered an irreparable loss from 
the fact that the Histories of Tacitus have survived only in a frag- 
mentary form, breaking off just after the accession of Vespasian. 
Through this misfortune we are confined almost solely to the 
meagre outlines of Suetonius and Dio Cassius for the facts of the 
reigns of Vespasian and Titus. 

Under these circumstances the knowledge gained from the in- 
scriptions of this period becomes invaluable. In this investigation, 
it is the aim to gather this material, to arrange it in convenient 
order for historical study, and to append such comments aqd cross 
references as may be of value in this connection. As far as I know, 
nothing of this nature has previously been undertaken. No strik- 
ing results are expected ; but if something can be added to the 
facts gained from the histories, in the nature of not unimportant 
details and greater accuracy in dates, the work will, it is hoped, 
be found to be not without its justification. 

No attempt has been made to differentiate absolutely the reigns 
of Vespasian and Titus, — that is, there has been no sharp division 
of the work on this point. Such a division would be practically 
impossible, and would certainly be entirely unnecessary. Titus 



vi Preface. 

was made joint emperor, with powers almost equal to those of his 
father, early in the latter's reign, while his own reign after the 
death of Vespasian was so short that there is no real break dis- 
cernible. Hence it has been deemed better to make the necessary 
distinctions under each of the separate divisions of the work. 

Such a task as this has been rendered possible by the publica- 
tion of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, which has formed 
the basis of the work. Other collections, in particular those of 
Orelli-Henzen, Wilmanns, Dessau, and the collections of Greek 
inscriptions, have been employed. While it has been the aim to 
acknow ledge a debt wherever this was clearly marked, a general 
indebtedness is here acknowledged to the notes of these collec- 
tions, as well as to the various epigraphical, historical, and insti- 
tutional works. 

The attempt has been made to make the collection of inscrip- 
tions as complete as possible, but there are undoubtedly some 
omissions. 

The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Profes- 
sor Fred B. R. Hellems, of the University of Colorado, at whose 
suggestion this work was undertaken, and to Assistant Professor 
Charles I,. Durham, of Cornell University, for reading of both 
manuscript and proof, and for valuable criticisms and suggestions. 

Ithaca, N. Y., October i, 1 901. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

An Inscription of Vespasian before his Principate i 

ivex de imperio vespasiani 2 

pomerium • • 4 

Vitellian War 6 

Jewish War 9 

Arch of Titus 9 

Rewarding of Officers 10 

Tribute Imposed on the Jews 14 

Rebellion in the Western Provinces 15 

Disturbances in Germany 15 

Rebellion of Piso 17 

Disturbances in the East 19 

Military Diplomas 20 

Colonization of Veterans 27 

Censorship 28 

Date 28 

Grant of Latin Rights in Spain 31 

Adlection 34 

Miscellaneous Grants ' 37 

Grain Supply 38 

Restoration of Public Property 39 

Boundary Settlements 41 

Epistles of the Emperor 43 

To the Saborensians 43 

To the Vauacinians 44 

Tiber Cippi 45 

Building Activity ■ 46 

Rome 46 

Italy and the Provinces 50 

Aqueducts 55 

Roads and Bridges 57 

Rome 57 

Italy (followed by the provinces — Sardinia, Germania Superior, 
Baetica, Gallaecia-Asturia, Tarraconensis, Provinces in Africa, 
Asia Minor, Bithynia, Galatia, Armenia Minor, Cyprus, Moesia, 

Dalmatia) 57 



viii Contents. 

Collegia 71 

Fratres Arvales 71 

Sodales Augustales Claudiales 81 

Collegium Aerari Saturni ' 82 

Collegium Dendrophorum 82 

Decuriones Collegiorum 83 

Catalogs of Priests 83 

Municipal Fasti 84 

Tabula Feriarum Lativarum 85 

Corpus Sevirorum Augustalium 85 

Tribal Corporations 86 

Inscriptions of the; Emperors 88 

Deification and Worship of Emperors 94 

Sodales Flaviales 95 

Seviri Flaviales 97 

Flamines 98 

Imperial Household 99 

Vespasia Polla 99 

Dotnitian 100 

Julia 100 

Flavia Domitilla 101 

Descendants of Flavia Domitilla 102 

Arrecina Tertulla 103 

Domitia 104 

Caenis 104 

Flavia Sabina 105 

Officers, Soldiers, etc 105 

Slaves and Freedmen 120 

Miscellaneous 121 

Inscriptions on Statue of Metnnon 121 

Wall Inscriptions of Pompeii 123 

Tesserae Consulares 123 

Inscriptions on amphorae from Pompeii 124 

Inscriptions on Pigs of Lead % 125 

Inscribed Bricks and Tiles 125 

Inscriptions on Masses of Marble 126 

Inscriptions on Lead Water Pipes 127 

Unclassified 127 

Fragments 128 

Addenda et Corrigenda 130 

Chronological Index of Inscriptions 131 

List of Suffect Consuls 135 

Index of Names 136 



AN INSCRIPTION OF VESPASIAN BEFORE 
HIS PRINCIPATE. 

To what is known of the life of Vespasian previous to his eleva- 
tion to the principate, the evidence of the inscriptions can add but 
little. There is, however, one interesting and valuable inscription 
that bears upon this period of his life. 

I. Hi termini XIX positi sunt | ab Scriboniano et Pisone 
Frugi | ex depalatione T. Flavi Vespasiani | arbitri. 

(C. I.L. VI, 1268.) 

The date of this inscription is not determined. It is before Ves- 
pasian became emperor, but, judging from the prominence of the 
men by whom he was chosen umpire, probably after he had 
won some distinction. 

Piso Frugi, or L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi Iyicinianus 1 , was the 
adopted son and destined successor of Galba, but enjoyed for only 
four days the distinction of being head of the empire, when he was 
slain in the insurrection of Otho. Scribonianus, or Iyicinius Cras- 
sus Scribonianus 2 , was a prominent senator who was offered the 
empire by Antonius Primus, but refused it. It is a curious co- 
incidence that each of the three men mentioned in this inscription 
afterwards became, or had an opportunity to become, emperor. 

As far as I know, this inscription is the only direct record of the 
praenomen of Vespasian. 

1 Tac. H. I, 14-48; III, 68; IV, 40, 42 ; Suet. Galba, 17; Otho, 5-6; Plut. 
Galba, 23, 25, 27, 28 ; Pliny, Ep. II, 20 ; Dio, LXIV, 5-6 ; Aur. Vict. Caes. 6 ; 
Philost. Vita Apoll. Tyan. V, 32 ; Polemius Silvius, Chron. Min. I, p. 520 ; 
Bull. Com., 1885, p. 102, no. 1026; C. I. L. VI, 2051; Mommsen, Eph. Ep. 
I, p. 148, no. 4. 

2 Tac. H. I, 47 ; IV, 39 ; Mommsen, Eph. Ep. I, p. 147, no. 3. 



2 Lex de Imperio Vespasiani. 

LEX DE IMPERIO VESPASIANI. 

The most important epigraphical evidence that we have for the 
reign of Vespasian is the fragment of what is known as the ' %ex de 
Imperio Vespasiani." It is the only extant example of the legis- 
lative act by which the princeps was constitutionally invested with 
the various powers of the principate. 

On account of the fact that the document has been fully treated 
by various writers, the notes here have been confined to the more 
general points. For a complete discussion, see Mommsen, Staatsr. 
II, p. 876 ff.; Cantarelli, Bull. Com. 1890, p. 194 ff. ; 235 ff. ; Pel- 
ham, Jour, of Phil. XVII, pp. 27-52; Mispoulet, Lcs Institutions 
Politiques des Romains y I, pp. 367-379. 

A transcription of the extant portion of the ' 'Z,ex' ' is here given. 

2. foedusve cum quibus volet facere liceat, ita uti licuit 

divo Aug., I Ti. Iulio Caesari Aug., Tiberioque Claudio Caesari 
Aug. German ico ; 

utique ei senatum habere, relationem facere, remittere, sena- 
tus I consulta per relationem discessionemque facere liceat, | ita 
uti licuit divo Aug., Ti. Iulio Caesari Aug., Ti. Claudio Caesari 
Augusto Germanico ; 

utique, cum ex voluntate auctoritateve iussu mandatuve eius | 
praesenteve eo senatus habebitur, omnium rerum ius perinde | 
habeatur, servetur, ac si e lege senatus edictus esset habereturque ; 

utique, quos magistratum, potestatem, imperium, curationem- 
ve I cuius rei petentes senatui populoque Romano commenda- 
verit, I quibusque suffragationem suam dederit, promiserit, eo- 
rum I comitis quibusque extra ordinem ratio habeatur ; 

utique ei fines pomerii proferre, promovere, cum ex re publica | 
censebit esse, liceat, ita uti licuit Ti. Claudio Caesari Aug. Ger- 
manico ; 

utique, quaecunque ex usu rei publicae maiestate divinarum | 
huma(M)rum, publicarum privatarumqne rerum esse e [sic] \ 
censebit, ei agere, facere ius potestasque sit, ita uti divo Aug., |, 
Tiberioque Iulio Caesari Aug. , Tiberioque Claudio Caesari | Aug.. 
Germanico fuit ; 



Lex de Imperio Vespasiani. 3 

utique, quibus legibus plebeive scitis scriptum fuit ne divus 
Aug., I Tiberiusve Iulius Caesar Aug., Tiberiusque Claudius 
Caesar Aug. | Germanicus tenerentur, iis legibus plebisque scitis 
Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus solutus sit, quaeque ex quaque lege, 
rogatione | divum Aug. , Tiberiumve Iuliuni Caesarem Aug. , Ti- 
beriumve | Claudium Caesarem Aug. Germanicum facere opor- 
tuit, I ea omnia Imp. Caesari Vespasiano Aug. facere liceat ; 

utique quae ante hanc legem rogatam acta, gesta, | decreta, im- 
perata ab Imperatore Caesare Vespasiano Aug. | iussu mandatuve 
eius a quoque sunt, ea perinde iusta rataq. | sint, ac si populi 
plebisve iussu acta essent. 

SANCTIO. 

Si quis huiusce legis ergo adversus leges, rogationes, plebisve 
scita, I senatusve consulta fecit, fecerit, sive, quod eum ex lege, 
rogatione, | plebisve scito, sve c. facere oportebit non fecerit, 
huius legis | ergo, id ei ne frandi esto, neve quit ob earn rem po- 
pulo dare debeto, | neve cui de ea re actio neve iudicatio esto, neve 
quis de ea re apud | se agi sinito. (C /. L. VI, 930.) 

The first historical record that we have of this important docu- 
ment is in the fourteenth century, when it was set up by Cola di 
Rienzi, 'the last of the tribunes,' in one of the walls of St. John 
Iyateran. Of its previous history we know nothing. It is in- 
scribed on a bronze tablet which has been preserved since 1576 in 
the Capitoline Museum at Rome. 

The beginning of the document is missing, and there is consid- 
erable controversy as to just what and how much it contained. 
The conclusions of Dr. F. B. R. Hellems 1 seem to me practically 
certain :-That the document in its entirety conferred both the tri- 
bunician power and the proconsular imperium, defined the scope 
of these powers, and then added other special privileges. 

The exact date of the passage of the "Lex" cannot at present 
be determined, as there is a gap in the Acta Arvalium at this 
point, but it was probably early in January of the year 70. 2 

1 Lex de Imperio Vespasiani — a doctor's dissertation now in the press. 

2 Chambalu, De Magistratibus Flaviorum, pp. 7-9. Dr. Hellems, in his 
forthcoming dissertation, reaches the same conclusion by a method entirely 
different from Chambalu's and much more simple. 



4 Pomerium. 

POMERIUM. 

The fifth clause of the "Lex" is of especial interest in this dis- 
cussion, since we have two of the boundary stones set up to mark 
the extension of the pomerium by Vespasian in 75, in accordance 
with the powers vested in him by this clause of the enactment. 

3. Imp. Caesar \ Vespasianus Aug., pont. | wax., trib. pot. 
VI, imp. XIV, I p. p., censor, cos. VI. desig. VII, et | T. Caesar 
Aug. f. 1 I Vespasianus, imp. VIII, 2 | pont., trib. pot. IV, censor, | 
cos. IV, desig. V, auctis p. R. | finibus, pomerium | ampliaveruut 
terminaveruntq. 

\On left side in large letter s\ XI/VTI. 

{C.I.L. VI, 1232.) 

4. Imp. Caesar \ Vespasianus | Aug., pont. max., | trib. pot. 
VI, imp. XIV, p. p., I censor, cos. VI, desig. VII; | T. Caesar 
Aug. f. I Vespasianus, imp. VIII, 2 | pont., trib. pot. IV, censor, | 
cos. IV. , desig. V, | auctis p. R. finibus, | pomerium ampliaveruut 
terminaveruntq. 

{Bull. Com. 1899, p. 272.) 

Recently found under S. Cecilia, Rome, the first boundanr stone 



1 Aug./., — the regular designation of Titus and Domitian during the life 
of Vespasian. For Titus cf. nos. 3, 4, 11, 25, 26, 29, 30, 44, 47, 48, 54, 55, 64, 
70, 89, 106, 138, 140, 145, 153, 154, 155, 157, 161, 162, 164, 165, 196, 200, 202, 
225, 3 XI > 336, 337; for Domitian : 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 106, 139, 140, 145, 153, 
I 57> !69, 196, 243, 291. Exceptions to this rule, where any filiation at all is 
given, are rare, — 153, 201, 204, 205, 223, 224. 

2 The imperatorship of Titus must be VIII to agree with Vespasian XIV. 
Titus received his first imperatorial salutation on occasion of his association 
in the empire, at which time Vespasian was hailed imperator for the seventh 
time. Henceforth the imperatorial salutations of Vespasian and Titus cor- 
respond, i. e., Vespasian VIII = Titus II, etc. It is true that Titus was hailed 
imperator by the soldiers after the storming of Jerusalem (Suet. Tit. 5 ; Jos. 
B. I. VI, 6, 1), but he bore the final right to the title only when he was asso- 
ciated in the principate. That the imperatorship of Vespasian in no. 3 is 
XIV, and not XIII as supplied by the editors of the Corpus and others, is 
proved by no. 4. 



Po?nerium. 5 

of the pomerium ever found on the right bank of the Tiber within 
the limits of the fourteenth region. 

These two inscriptions date between March 1st and July 1st, 75, 
since Vespasian was designated for his seventh consulship in 
March, 1 and entered upon his seventh tribuniciau power on July 
1st. 2 The date 74, given by the editors of the Corpus* for the first 
of these inscriptions is incorrect. 

The right to extend the ideal boundary of the city of Rome, 
known as the pomerium, was considered in ancient times to be- 
long only to those who had extended the boundaries of the Roman 
state. The evidence of later writers seems to point to a continu- 
ance of the same rule. Cf. Tac. Ann. XII, 23 : its qui pro- 
tulere imperium etiam termi?ios urbis propagare datur ; Gellius, 
XIII, 14, 3 : habebat autem ius proferendi pomerii qui populum 
Romanum agro de hostibus capto auxerat ; Vita Aureliani, 21 , 
10: pomerio autem neminem principum licet adder e nisi eum qui 
agri barbarici aliqua parte Romanam rem publicam locuplelaverit. 

In any case, it would be easy to find means of applying the rule 
to any emperor. Vespasian might readily have used the reduc- 
tion of Judaea to a province, or the extension of the Roman arms 
in Britain under his legates, as an excuse for thus extending the 
pomerium, if such an excuse were necessary. This would ac- 
count for the expression auctis populi Romani finibus , which by 
this time, however, may well have become a mere form. The 
fact that Vespasian is expressly empowered, in the fifth clause of 



1 Vespasian was designated consul for the second time in December, 69, 
for the third time in November, 70, and for his six succeeding consulates in 
the month of March. Cf. Chambalu, De Magistratibus Flaviorum, p. 17. 

2 Vespasian reckons his tribuniciau power from the Kalends of July, 69, 
when the Alexandrine army proclaimed him emperor (Suet. Vesp. 6), al- 
though it was not formally conferred until the passage by the senate of the 
"Lex de Imperio" in January, 70, — a significant fact in the development of 
the principate. For a table of the magistracies of Vespasian and Titus in 
convenient form, see Cagnat, Cours d* Epigraphie latine 3 , pp. 179, 180; Eg- 
bert, Latin Inscriptions, pp. 129, 130. 

3 C. I. L. VI, 1232. 



6 Vitellian War. 

the "Lex", to extend the pomeriurn cum ex re publico, censebit 
esse would seem to show that the rule had become practically a 
dead letter. 1 

VITELLIAN WAR. 

A few inscriptions referring to men prominent in the successful 
campaign carried on in Italy by the lieutenants of Vespasian 
against Vitellius can be cited. 

C. LICINIUS MUCIANUS. 

It seems somewhat strange that we have very little iuscriptional 
evidence for Mucianus, who bore so important a part in the incip- 
ient principate of Vespasian. 2 His name appears in the Acta Ar- 
valium and in a fragment of the Tabula Feriarum Latinarum as 
consul for the third time in 72/ on several lead, water pipes, 4 and 
in the following Greek inscription from Oenoanda in Lycia. 5 

^5. [Tatjov Alklvlov M.ovkl\[olv]6v 7rpe(T^evTYjv [Ne/awvos] | KAavStov 
Kaicrapos 2e/?acrro [y] \ TeppxxviKov avTidcrrpa j rrjyov | "TEipfxaios SiAAeov 
<pv<re.i I Sc Atoyevovs rov eavrop] j evepyerrjv . 

(Bull, de Corres. Hellinique, 1886, p. 218.) 

FLAVIUS SABINUS. 

6. leg. divi Claudi pro pr. proving. Moe \ stae* 

cur. census Gallici, praef. urbz | iterum. 1 Huic senatus, auctor^ | 

1 For a complete discussion, see Mommsen, Rom. Forschungen, II, p. 23 
ff., and references there given ; Mommsen, Staatsrecht, passim,', Detlefsen, 
Das Pomeriurn Roms und die Grenzen Italiens, Hermes, XXI, p. 497 fF. ; 
Henzen, Bull. deW Inst. Arch. Germ., 1857, p. 9 ff. ; Hiibner, Das Pome- 
riurn Roms in der Kaiserzeit, Hermes, XXII, p. 615 ff. 

2 For the life of Mucianus cf. Tac. H. I, 10, et passim; Dial. 37 ; Pliny, 
N. H. II, \ 231, et passim ; Suet. Vesp. 6, 13 ; etc. See Dessau. Prosopo- 
graphia, II, p. 280, no. 147; L. Brunn, De C. Licinio Muciano, Lpz., 1870. 

3 Nos. 152 and 169; cf. also 151. 
* No. 332. 

5 The fact that Mucianus was legate of Lycia under Nero is gleaned from 
this inscription, thus confirming the conjecture previously made by Borghesi 
(Oeuv. IV, pp. 349, 350). The fact of the legateship, but not the date, was 
already known from Pliny {N. H. XII, $9; XIII, §88). 

6 Tac. H. Ill, 75. 

7 Tac. H. I, 46 ; II, 63 ; III, 75 ; Plut. Otho, 5. 



Vitellian War. 7 

Imp. Caes. Vespasiano fratre, | clupeum posmt vadimon/.? | honoris 
causa dilatis, fu\nus censorium 1 censuit, statuam \ in foro divi 
Augusti ponen\dam decrevit. 

Rome, in Forum Romanum. (Dessau, 984.) 

This inscription pertains to Flavius Sabinus, the elder brother 
of Vespasian, killed at Rome by the Vitellians at the time of the 
burning of the Capitol. 2 I have given Mommsen's supplement, 
which, though not in all cases certain, illustrates the nature of the 
original. 

L. TAMPIUS FLAVIANUS. 

7. Tampio Flaviano \ cos., procos. prov. \ Africae, leg. 

Aug. pro pr. I > anno\?tiarnm. | Huic zW&mphalia ornament | 

opsidibus a Trausdanulbianis acceptis, /imitibus omnibus ex- 

ploratis, \ hostibus ad vectigaXxa praestanda adactis, | 

L. Tampius Rufus 3 

Fundi in Latium. (C /. L. X, 6225 — supp. of Mommsen.) 

Tampius Flavianus was legate of Pannonia in 69/ He was old 
and wealthy and hesitated to take part in the contest for the prin- 
cipate. When the soldiers of his province declared for Vespa- 
sian, he at first fled to Italy, but afterwards returned to Pannonia 
and joined the party of Vespasian. He was related by marriage 
to Vitellius. This, with his previous reluctance, made his sol- 
diers so suspicious that they demanded his death, but he was 
saved by Antonius Primus. 5 That he was proconsul of Africa, 
we learn from Pliny. 6 He was elected to the Fratres Arvales in 

1 Tac. H. IV, 47. 

2 Tac. H. Ill, 73, 74. For the life of Fiavius Sabinus see also Tac. H. II, 
55. 63, 99 ; III, 59, 64, 78, 79, 81, 85 ; Suet. Vitell. 15 ; Vesp. 1 ; Dom. 1 ; 
Dio, IyX, 20; LXV, 17 ; Jos. B. I. IV, 10, 3 ; 11, 4; etc. 

3 Mommsen (note to C. I. L. y I. c.) thinks that this L. Tampius Rufus 
may be the Rufus to whom Ovid addressed his epistle Ex Ponto, II, 11. 

4 He was probably appointed to this post by Nero or Galba. 

5 Tac. H. II, 86; III, 4, ro, 11 ; V, 26. 

6 N.H. IX, §26. 



8 Vitellian War. 

place of Galba, Feb. 26, 69, * probably during his absence from 
Pannonia, and was curator aquarum, 73-74. 2 He was twice suffect 
consul, in years unknown, the second time, however, certainly 
during the reign of Vespasian, and probably about 74.' 

M. FABIUS FAEUUJJS. 

8. M. Fabius | Fabullus, | trib. militum | leg. XIII Gem., | 
leg. Aug. provinc. | Africae pr. pr. , | leg. Aug. leg. XIII Gem., | 
sacr. Nym(phis). 

Ager Poetovionensis in Pannonia Sup. (C. /. L. Ill, 4118.) 

Mommsen 4 thinks that this M. Fabius Fabullus is identical with 
the legate of the fifth legion under Vitellius mentioned by Tac- 
itus 5 and Plutarch. 6 If this be so, the inscription must date pre- 
vious to this legateship. The identification is not absolutely cer- 
tain, but is exceedingly probable. The name is an uncommon 
one, and it is unlikely that there were two officers of the same 
name and like rank. 

SEX. LUCILIUS BASSUS. 

In two military diplomas, 7 dating April 5, 71, the name of Sex. 
Lucilius Bassus occurs, in the one as prefect of the fleet at Mise- 
num, and in the other as prefect of the fleet stationed at Ravenna. 
This Lucilius Bassus had been placed in command of both fleets by 
Vitellius. He was the first of the Vitellian leaders to go over to 
Vespasian, together with the fleet at Ravenna, where he then was. 8 
After this, Vitellius placed Claudius Apollinaris in command of 
the fleet at Misenum, but he, too, soon deserted to Vespasian. 9 
Vespasian, however, considered Bassus the true prefect of both 

1 C. I. L. VI, 2051. 

2 Frontinus, De Aq. 102. 
8 Cf. no. 317. 

* C. I. L.J. c. 

5 H. Ill, 14. 

6 Galba, 27. 

7 Nos. 31 and 32; probably also 33. 

8 Tac. H. II, 100, 101 ; III, 12, 40. 

9 Tac. H. Ill, 57, 76, 77- 



Jewish War. 9 

fleets, as shown by the insertion of his name in the diplomas of 
the discharged veterans of both. 

Bassus was later employed by Vespasian on a mission to pacify 
Campania, 1 and also in Judaea, where he died soon afterwards. 2 

JEWISH WAR. 

ARCH OF TITUS. 

The most important epigraphical evidence for the Jewish war 
is the Arch of Titus, erected to Titus, after his death, on the 
highest point of the Sacra Via, to commemorate the conquest of 
Judaea and the capture of Jerusalem. On this arch, which is still 
partially standing, there are reliefs representing Titus bringing 
the spoils from Jerusalem, among which can be recognized the 
seven-branched candlestick, the golden table, the silver trumpets, 
and other temple ornaments. 3 The arch also bore the following 
inscription. 

9. Senatus | populusque Romanus | divo Tito divi Vespasia- 

ni f. I Vespasiano Augusto. 

{C. /. L. VI, 945.) 

In the Codex Einsiedlensis \ there has been preserved a copy of 
an inscription, said to have been upon another arch in the Circus 
Maximus. 

10. Senatus populusq. Romanus | Imp. Tito Caesari divi Ves- 
pasiani f. Vespasian*? Augusto, | pontif. max., trib. pot. X, imp. 
XVII, £OS. VIII, p. p., principi suo, | quod, praeceptis patri/s 
consiliisq. et auspiciis, gentem | Iudaeorum domuit et urbem Hie- 
rusolymam, omnibus ante | se ducibus, regibus, gentibus aut frus- 
tra petitam aut | omnino intemptatam, delevit. 

(C.I.L. VI, 9440 
Date— July 1, 80-July 1, 81 (probably 81 4 ). 

1 Tac. H. IV. 3. 

2 Jos. B.I. VII, 6, 1-6; 8, 1. 

3 See Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations oj Ancient Rome, p. 20T ; Mid- 
dleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, II, pp. 303, 304. 

* Tribunician power X occurs even with imperator XV — no. 146. 



io Jewish War. 

In 66 the Jewish insurrection broke out, during the procurator- 
ship of Gessius Florus. Since Cestius Gallus, governor of Syria, 
showed himself incapable of quelling this revolt, Nero, then in 
Greece, appointed Mucianus legate of Syria, and assigned to Ves- 
pasian the task of putting down the rebellion of the Jews. 

Vespasian mustered his army at Ptolemais in 67, and spent the 
years 67 and 68 in subduing Galilee, the coast, and the regions 
beyond the Jordan. On the death of Nero he suspended opera- 
tions to await the confirmation of his power by the new emperor. 
His own elevation to the principate still further delayed the com- 
pletion of the task. 

In 70 the war was resumed by Vespasian's son, Titus, and was 
brought to a successful end by the capture of Jerusalem, after a 
five mouths' siege, in September, 70. Titus carried on his opera- 
tions as the legate of Vespasian, or praeceptis patriis consiliisgue 
et auspiciis. A triumph was celebrated by father and son, in the 
following year, in honor of the victory. 

The statement in the last three lines of inscription 10 is mere 
flattery. Even if the Romans were not acquainted with the tak- 
ing of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar and by Antiochus Epipha- 
nes — an improbable supposition — they could not have been igno- 
rant of its capture by their own Pompey in 63 B. C. 1 

REWARDING OF OFFICERS. 

After the capture of Jerusalem, Titus rewarded with the custo- 
mary decorations of honor those of his officers who had especially 
distinguished themselves. 2 Several inscriptions of officers that 
shared in these honors have been discovered. 

II. A. Larcio A.f. Lepido \ sevir. equit. Rom., trib. mil. leg. 
I Ad'viK.., Xvir. | s/litib. iudic, quaes/f. pr. px. provinciae | Cretae 
et Cyrenar&ra, leg. Imp. Vespasiani | Caesaris Aug. leg. X Fre- 
tens. , donato donis xmWtaribus \ ah Imperatore Vespasiano Caesars 

1 For the Jewish war and the previous history of the Jews iu relation to 
the Romans see Jos. B. I., passim ; Tac. H. V, 1-13 ; Suet. Vesp. 4, 8 ; Dio, 
LXVI, 4-7 ; Moinmsen, Provinces, II, chap. XI. 

2 Jos. B. I. VII, 1, 3. On the honorary decorations given to Roman offi- 
cers see Marquardt, Rom. Staatsver. II, pp. 574-579. 



Jewish War. n 

Augusto et T. Caesare Aug. f. | £ello Iudaico, corona murali val- 
lari aurea, hastis puris | duab., z/exillis duobus, 1 tr. pi., leg. pro- 
vinc. Ponti et Bithyniae, | Caecina A. f. Larga, uxor, et | Larcia. 
A. f. Priscilla, 2 filia, fecerunt. 

Antium in L,atium. (C /. L. X, 6659.) 

On a large tablet, badly broken, restored by Renier, Memoires 
de V Academie des inscriptions et belles-lettres , vol XXVI (1867), 
pp. 269-321, from Josephus, B. I. VI. 4, 3, where L,arcius I^epi- 
dus is named as legate of the tenth legion. 

12 hie in omnibus honoribus candidatus | Cae- 

sarum fuit. | Hunc Imp. T. Caesar divi f. Vespasianus Aug. j 
triumphaturus de Iudaeis donavit donis | coronis rnuralib&s II, cor- 

onis vallaribus II, | coronis anreis II, hastis puris totidemque \ 

vexil/w. 

Carthage in Africa Procousularis. (C. I. L. VIII, 12536.) 
Schmidt, 3 Mommsen, 4 and others refer this, with great proba- 
bility, to Sex. Vettulenus Cerialis, legate of the fifth legion Mac- 
edonia in the Jewish war. 5 

13. Q. Raecio Q. f. | CI. Rufo, | p. p. leg. XII Fuim. | tre- 
cenario, | donis don. ab Imper. | Vespasian, et Tito Imp. 6 | bell. 

1 Wilmanns {Ex. I. L. 1146, note) remarks that Lepidus received only 
two hastae and vexilla and not three, because, while a legate, he was of 
quaestorian, not praetorian rank. 

3 Possibly a daughter of A. Caecina Alienus, the conspirator against Ves- 
pasian, — Suet. Tit. 6, etc. 

5 Rhein. Mus. 1889, pp. 483, 484. 

4 C. I. L., I. c. 

5 Jos. B. I. Ill, 7, 32, 34 ; IV, 9, 9 ; VI, 2, 5 ; 4, 3 ; VII, 6, 1 ; also no. 271 ; 
Mommsen, Eph. Ep. IV, p. 499. Dessau, in Insc. Lat. Set. no. 988, accepts 
Schmidt's conjecture, but in Prosopographia, III, p. 330, no. 208, suggests 
the name M. Tittius Frugi, legate of the fifteenth Apollinaris. (Cf. no. 
159, note 2). 

6 The customary form would be a divo Vespasiano et divo Tito. Probably 
through ignorance the names are given as at the time of the reward. 

Imperator is regularly used as a cognomen of Titus during his father's 
life. Cf. nos. 13, 54, 64, 68, 70, 74, 89, 106, 152, 153, 154, 155, 161, 176, 201, 
225, 320, 321, 322, 336. As a praenomen it is rarer and was perhaps not 
strictly correct. It was never, as far as known, so used at Rome. Cf. nos. 
12, 29, 44, 47, 138, 139, 140, 145, 147, 203, 204. 



12 Jewish War. 

Iud., ab Imp. Trai. | bell. Dacic, princ(ipi) praet(orii), 1 | Trebia 
M. f. Procul. | marito | t. p. i. 

Iader in Dalmatia. (C /. L. Ill, 2917.) 

14. L. Lepidio L. f. An. | Proculo, | mil. leg. V Macedon., | 
centurioni leg. eiusd., centurioni leg. eiusd. II, | centurioni 
leg. VI Victricis, | centurioni leg. XV Apollinar., | prim. leg. 
XII Gemin., | donis donato ab | Imp. Vespasiano Aug. | bello Iu- 
daico, torquib., | armillis, phaleris, | corona vallari. | salinatores* 
civitatis | Menapiorum ] ob mer. eius. | Septimia f . reponend. cu- 
ravit. 

Ariminum in Umbria. (Orelli, 749.) 

15. M. Blossio I Q. f. Ani. Pudenti, | centurioni leg. V Ma- 
cedonic. , | donis militaribus | donato ab | Imp. Vespasiano Aug., | 
torquib., armillis, | phaler. , corona aurea, | vix. an. XLJX sanc- 
tissime, | et prope diem | consummationis | primi pilisui debitum | 
naturae persolvit, | M. Blossius Olympicus | patrono optumo | fe- 
cit, item sibi et libertis | et libertabus suis posteris|que eorum. | 

Long. p. XXX, lat. p. XVII. 

iC.I.L. VI, 3580.) 

Without question it was in the Jewish war, in which the fifth 

Macedonica took part, 3 that M. Blossius Pudens received these 

decorations. 

Inscriptions of other officers rewarded by Vespasian and Titus 
which cannot be definitely referred to the Jewish war are also 
grouped here for convenience. 

16. C. MinicioC. fil. | Vel. Italo, 4 IHIviro i. d., | praef. coh. 
V Gallor. equit., | praef. coh. I. Breucor. equit. c. R., | praef. 
coh. II Varc(ianorum) eq. , trib. milit. leg. VI Vict., | praef. 
eq. alae I sing. c. R. , donis donat. a divo | Vespasiano, coron. 

1 The highest centurion after the primipilaris and the trecenarius, — see 
Mommsen, C. I. L. Ill, 830, note. 

2 The guild of salt-dealers. See Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 469, note 3, 
and references there given. 

3 Jos. B. I. Ill, 7, 32, etc. 

4 Cf. Rev. Arch. XXI, p. 397, no. 91. 



Jewish War. 13 

aurea, hast, pur., | proc. provinc. Hellespont., proc. provinciae 
Asiae quam | mandatu principis vice defuncti pro cos. rexit, pro- 
curat. I provinciarum Luguduniensis et Aquitanicae, item Lacto- 
rae, | praefecto annonae, praefecto Aegypti, flamini divi Claudi, | 
deer. dec. 

Aquileia in Venetia. (C. L L. V, 875.) 

The reward was perhaps for service in Italy or in Gaul and 
Germany, where it is known that the sixth Victrix took an ac- 
tive part for Vespasian. 1 

TJ. Fompeio — f. Quir. | Faventino, | praef. coh. VI 

Astur., I trib. mil. leg. VI Vic, praef. | equitum alae 

donis donato | corona aurea, hasta pur. Imp. divus 

Vespasianus 

Asturica in Hispania Tarraconensis. (C /. L. II, 2637.) 
Perhaps also for service in the rebellion in Gaul and Germany. 

18. C. Vedennius C. f. | Qui. Moderatus, Antio, | milit. in 
leg. XVI Gal. a. X, | tranlat. in coh. IX pr. , | in qua milit. 
ann. VIII, | missus honesta mission., | revoc. ab Imp., fact, 
evoc. Aug., I arcitect. armament. Imp., | evoc. ann. XXIII, | 
donis militarib. donat. | bis ab divo Vesp. et ! Imp. Domitiano 
Aug. Germ. | 

(C. /. L. VI, 2725.) 

19. or donis | donato a divo Vespasiano Aug. 

et divo Tito | coron. aur. et mura/z, has\tis puris, 

or fecerunt. 

Sora in Latium. (C /. L. X, 5712.) 

20. (centurioni) leg. XX donis don. 

mil. coron. aur., hasta pura, a divo Vespasiano et divo Tito divi 
Vespasiani f etc. 2 

Florentia in Etruria. (C /. L. XI, 1602.) 



1 Tac. H. Ill, 44 ; IV, 68, 76 ; V, 14, 16. 

2 The supplement is that of Mommsen (C. I. L., I. c, note). Henzen 
(Bull, delf Inst. Arch. Germ., 1863, p. 144), refers the fragment to Domitian. 



14 Jewish War. 

C. VALERIUS CLEMENS. 

21. C. Valerio C. f. [ Stel. Clementi, | Ilvir. quinquennali, | 
namini divi Aug. perpetuo, | patrono coloniae, | decuriones 1 alae 
Gaetulorum 2 | quibus praefuit bello Iudaico | sub divo Vespasiano 
Aug. | patre, | honoris causa. | Hie ob dedicatioiiein statuarum 
equestris et | pedestris oleum 3 plebei utrique sexvi. dedit. 

Taurini in Liguria. (C /. L. V, 7007.) 

C. Valerius Clemens seems to have fought in the Jewish war 
under Vespasian only, and not under Titus — sub divo Vespasiano 
Aug., patre. He may have been sent to some other station in the 
East, or may have gone to Italy with Mucianus or to Alexandria 
with Vespasian. The Gaetulians were perhaps assigned lands at 
or near Taurini after the war. 

TRIBUTE IMPOSED ON THE JEWS. 

After the capture of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple 
by Titus, Vespasian finally reduced Judaea to a province, and or- 
dered that the two drachmas that every Israelite had been accus- 
tomed to pay yearly to the temple service should be transferred to 
the Capitoline Jupiter. 4 Euschemon, of the following inscription, 
was a collector of this tribute under some one of the Flavians. 

22. T. Flavio Aug. lib. | Kuschemoni, | qui fuit ab epistulis, | 
item procurator | ad capitularia | Iudaeorum. | Fecit | Flavia Aph- 
rodisia | patrono et coniugi | bene merenti. 

(C.I.L. VI, 8604.) 



1 The leaders of the decuriae of the auxiliary cavalry. 
* Cf. C. I. L. Ill, 600; Ibid. p. 863; VI, 3520; Momrnsen, Prov. II, pp. 
35Q-353- 

3 Cf. C. I. L. XI, 381 1 : balneum cum oleo gratuito dedit. 

4 Jos. B. I. VII, 6, 6. Cf Suet. Bom. 12 ; Dio, LXVI, 7. 



Rebellion in the Western Provinces. 15 

REBELLION IN THE WESTERN PROVINCES. 

In connection with the revolt that broke out in Gaul and 
Germany after Nero's death, we have an inscription to C. Dil- 
lius Vocula. 

23. C. Dillio A. f. Ser. Voculae, | trib. milit. leg. I, IHIviro 
viarum curandar., | q. provinc. Ponti et Bithyniae, tr. pi., pr., | 
leg. in Germania leg. XXII Priraigeniae, | Helvia T. f. Procula, 
uxor, fecit. 

(C. I. L. VI, 1402.) 

Vocula, at first for Vitellius, and after his death for Vespasian, 
was the last of the Roman officers in Gaul and Germany to hold 
out against the rebels. Part of the soldiers remained with him 
for a time, but finally, judging the Roman cause hopeless, de- 
serted and declared for the imperium Galliarum, proclaimed by 
Classicus. Vocula determined upon suicide, but before he could 
carry out his intention was slain by a renegade legionary, an em- 
issary of Classicus. 1 

The addition in Germania in the fourth line of the inscription 
is unusual, and serves to indicate here the scene and circumstances 
of Vocula' s end, which would not otherwise appear upon the in- 
scription. The death of Vocula occurred in 70, and this monu- 
ment was probably set up not long afterwards. 

DISTURBANCES IN GERMANY. 

There are several inscriptions that seem to point to some trouble 
with the Germans about 73-74. 

24. Cn. Pinarius L. f. Pap. Cornelius Clemens | 

legat. pro pr. exercitus qiu est in Germania Sup. , cur. aedium \ 
sacrarum locorumq. vmblicorum, honoratus a senatu \ triumphali- 
bus ornament^ ob res | in Germania prosper e gestas. 

Hispellum in Umbria. (Dessau, 997.) 

1 For Vocula and the revolts in the west cf. Tac. H. IV, 12-37 ; 54-79; V, 
14-26. 



1 6 Disturbances in Germany. 

We know that Cn. Pinarius Cornelius Clemens was legate of 
Germany in 74. x This inscription would seem to indicate that 
during his legateship he successfully quelled some disturbance, 
probably of the Germans across the Rhine. It is not probable 
that this refers to the revolt after the death of Nero. Cornelius 
Clemens is not likely to have held the legateship so long. More- 
over a diploma was granted, May 21, 74, to the veterans serving 
under him, 2 and this may very naturally have been done at the 
close of a successful campaign. 

We have also other evidence tending to confirm this conjecture 
of a German war about 73-74. 

25. Cn. Domitio Sex. f. Volt. | Afro Titio Marcello | Curvio 
Lucano, I cos., procos. provinciae Africae, | legato eiusdem provin- 
ciae Tul/z | fratris sui, septemviro epulonum, item praetorio lega- 
to provinciae Africae | Imp. Caesar. Aug., praef. auxiliorum om- 
nium I adversus Germanos, donato ab Imp. Vespasiano Aug. et 
T. Caesar. Aug. f. , coronis | murali vallari aureis, hastis puris 
III, I vexillisIII, adlecto inter patricios, praetori, | tr. pi., | quaest. 
propraetore provinciae African, | tr. mil. leg. V Alaud., Illlvir. 
viarum curandar., patrono | Optimo, | d. d. 

Fulginium in Umbria. (Dessau, 990.) 

26. Cn. Domitio Sex.f. Volt Curvio Tullo, cos., pro- 
cos, provinciae Africae, fetiali, praef. auxilior. omnium | adversus 
Germanos, qui cum esset | candidatus Caesar, pr. desig. missus 
est ab I Imp. Vespasiano Aug. legatus pro praetore ad | exercitum 
qui est in Africa, et apsens inter | praetorios relatus, donato ab 1 
Imp. Vespasiano Aug. et Tito Caesare Aug. f., coronis | murali 
vallari aureis, hastis puris III, vexillisIII, | adlecto inter patri- 
cios, tr. pi., quaest. Caesar. Aug., | tr. mil. leg. V Aland., Xvir. 
stlitib. iudicandis, patrono optimo, | d. d. 

Fulginium in Umbria. (Dessau, 991.) 

1 Nos. 34, 79, 129. 

* No. 34. 



Rebellion of Piso. 17 

These two brothers, adopted sons of On. Domitius Afer, 1 were 
both praefedi auxiliorum omnium adversus Germanos, Lucanus 
probably succeeding Tullus. To what occasion does this refer? 
Wilmanns 2 remarks : ' ' Expeditio Germanica non video quae alia 
possil, nisi a. jo\ji." The chief objection to this, as noted by 
Dessau 3 , is that, according to the inscriptions, the brothers had al- 
ready been made patricians by Vespasian before they held this pre- 
fecture, and Vespasian certainly did not create patricians previous 
to his entrance upon the censorship in 73.* This lends greater 
strength to the supposition just made of a campaign against the 
Germans in 73-74. No such occurrence is mentioned by Sueto- 
nius, Dio Cassius, or any other historian. However, our records 
for this period in the history of Rome are so scanty that some short 
campaign against the ever troublesome German tribes may have 
escaped notice by the historians and be preserved to us only 
through inscriptions — an occurrence by no means without parallel. 5 

REBELLION OF PISO. 

In 70, L,. Calpurnius Piso, proconsul of Africa, was suspected 
of forming a conspiracy against Vespasian. Mucianus, then in 
control for Vespasian at Rome, despatched a centurion, Papirius, 
to bring about Piso's death. Piso discovered the design and 
had the centurion slain. He was himself, however, afterwards put 
to death by order of Valerius Festus, legate of the army of Africa, 
who had been a secret partisan of Vespasian against Vitellius. 6 

1 Cf. Pliny, Ep. VIII, 18; Martial, I, 36; III, 20, 17 ; V, 28, 3 ; VIII, 75 ; 

IX, 51; Bull. Com. 1882, p. 161, no. 560; Lateres — C. I. L. XV, 116-120; 
987-1001 ; Pelves Pompeianae — C. I. L. X, 80485, , , I5 ; Vascula — C I. L. 

X, 8o56 370 . Lucanus died about 94 — Mart. IX, 51. 

1 Ex. I. L. 1 148, note 6. 

3 Inscr. Lat. Sel. 990, note 7. 

4 Mommsen, Staatsr. II, 1101, note 4, holds that Vespasian and Titus cre- 
ated patricians only during the actual period of the censorship. 

5 E.g., cf. no. 29. 

6 Tac. H. IV, 38 ; 48-50. For I,. Calpurnius Piso see also Tac. Ann. XIII, 
28, 31 ; XV, 18 ; Pliny, Ep. Ill, 7, 12 ; Front. De Aq. 102 ; C. I. L. VI, 845, 
853, 2039. 2041-2043; X, 5204. 



1 8 Rebellion of Piso. 

Festus, or C. Catpetanus Rantius Quirinalis Valerius Festus, is 
well known from the inscriptions. 

27. C. Calpetano \ Rantio | Quirinalz | F^lerio P. f. Pomp. 
~Besto, I IZIfvir. viar. curand., tr. mil. \ leg. VI Victr., quaestori, 
seviro \ equit. Romanor., tr. pleb., praeforz, \ sodali August., leg. 
pro praet. exercit. | Africae, cos., donato ab Imperatore \ hastis 
puris IIII, vexillis IIII. coronis | IIII z>allari murali classica 
aurea, \ curatori alvei Tiberis etripar^w, \pont\i. , leg. Aug. pro 
pr. province | Pannoniae et province | Hispaniae, | patrono, | 
plebs urbana. 

Tergeste in Venetia. (C /. L. V, 531.) 

Valerius Festus was legate of the army of Africa in 69-70 1 and 
suffect consul in 71. 2 While in Africa he won a victory over the 
Garamantes, for which he received the customary decorations 
after his return to Rome, probably at the time of the triumph cel- 
ebrated by Vespasian and Titus. He was curator of the banks and 
channel of the Tiber in 73 s , and seems to have been sent in the 
same year as governor of Pannonia. 4 He was governor of Spain 
in 79-80. 5 

Papirius, the envoy sent by Mucianus, is undoubtedly to be 
identified with the C. Papirius Aequos of the following inscription. 

28. (a) T. Caesari | Vespasiano, imp. Ill, [ pontif., tr. pot. 
II, cos. II ; 

(b) Imp. Caesari | Vespasiano Aug., I pontif. max., tr. 
pot. IIII, I imp. Villi, p. p., cos. IIII ; 

(c) Caesari Aug. f. | Domitiano 6 , | cos. destinato II, | 
principi iuventutis 7 \ 

1 Tac. H. II, 98; IV, 49, 50; Pliny, Ep. Ill, 7, 12. 

2 Nos. 169 and 291. 

3 No. 86. 

4 No. 106. Wilmanns {Ex. I. L. 1147, note 6) places the legateship of 
Pannonia in 77-78, without any apparent reason. 

5 Nos. 131-134, 136-138. 

6 Some of the copyists indicate the fact that Domitiano had been erased 
but was still legible. On the erasures see Suet. Dom. 23 ; Cagnat, Cours d * 
Epig. lat z ., pp. 164-167; Egbert, Latin Inscr. pp. 122 and 411. 

7 Cf. nos. 221 and 222, and see Mommsen, Staatsr. II, p. 826, et passim. 



Disturbances i?i the East. 19 

(d) C. Papirius Aequos, centurion leg. Ill Aug., tes- 
tamento poni iussit ,| ex auri p. X. 

(C./.L. VI, 932.) 
Date, July -December, 72. 

This dedicatory inscription was on a oblong marble base, in 
which were three holes, where images of Vespasian, Titus, and 
Domitian are believed to have been set up. (b) was in the 
center, («) to the left, and (V) to the right, while (d) extended 
beneath the others, (a) is still in existence, having been broken 
off from the rest, which we possess now only in copy. 

It might be argued from the amount set aside for this dedicatory 
stone that Papirius stood high in the favor and confidence of Ves- 
pasian and Mucianus, and had perhaps been employed in other 
services of a similar delicate nature. 

DISTURBANCES IN THE EAST. 

At the beginning of Vespasian's reign, Vologeses, king of the 
Parthians, was very friendly, and even offered to aid Vespasian 
in his contest with Vitellius, but his help was not needed. 1 About 
75, the Alans invaded Parthia and Vologeses requested help of the 
Romans. Vespasian refused to grant it, although Domitian, em- 
ulous of the laurels won by his brother in the Jewish war, urged 
that a force be sent under his command to aid the Parthians in 
driving out the Alans. 2 Vologeses was forced to cope alone with 
the invaders, and, in revenge, invaded the eastern provinces of the 
empire, but was driven back by Trajan (father of the future em- 
peror), who was at that time proconsul of Asia. 3 Vespasian must 
have made preparations to receive this attack, and among these 
was probably an alliance with a certain Mithridates, king of the 
Iberians. Mithridates naturally desired to fortify his capital, 



1 Tac. H. IV, 51 ; Suet. Vesp. 6. 

2 Suet. Dom. 2. 

3 See nos. 257-259. On the trouble with Vologeses and the invasion of 
the Alans, see Dio, LXVI, 15, 3 ; Jos. B. I. VII, 7, 4; Aur. Vict. Caes. 9, 10; 
Epit. 9, 12 ; Pliny, Paneg. 14. 



20 Military Diplomas. 

Metskheta, and Vespasian seems to have assisted in this work. 
The fortifications were erected at the entrance to the valley in 
which the town was situated. No trace of them remains to-day. 
This event, as well as the fact that there was a Mithridates, king 
of Iberia in 75, is known only through the following inscription. 

2C) • [AvTOKpaVwp Katcrajp Ove[cr|7ra(rtavo? Se/^jaaros, ap\xLe[pevs 
/xeyioTo] s, Srj/xap^L [k] yj 1 5 6^ov[(7ias to] £', avTOKpdr [<o]p to j to", viraTos 
to e£, a7roSeSetyp,e| vos to £', iraTrjp 7raTptSos, T^eifxrf] \Trjs, Kat AvTOKpd- 
TO)p Ttros Kat [cap] | ^efiao-TOV mos, S^p-ap^t^] fjs e|£owtas to e, vrraTO? 
to 8'j a7ro | SeSetyp-eyos to e', Teip,r]Tr}\<;, Kat AopxTtavos Kaio*ap ^e/3a| arov 
vtos, v7raTos to [y']> 6nro\8e$ayp,€vo<s to S'> fiacnXti \ 'Ifirjpow Mt0pt8dV»7 
Bao-tXea>5 $|apao"/xavov, Kat 'Ia^tao-Satrw [y] , j cfyiXoKatcrapL Kat <£tA.optop,ata> 
t[u>] €J0v[V|t ra Tet^ry e^cD^vp [a>] cav. 

Near Tiflis in Iberia. (four. Asiatique, 1869, p. 96.) 

Date, July -December, 75. 

MILITARY DIPLOMAS. 

The following are those of the diplomata militatia issued by 
Vespasian and Titus of which copies have been discovered. 

30. Imp. Vespasianus Caesar August., | tribunic. potest., cos. 
II, I veteranis qui militaverunt in leg. j II Adiutrice Pia Fidele, 1 
qui vicena | stipendia aut plura 2 meruerant | et sunt dimissi hones- 
ta missione, 5 | quorum nomina subscripta sunt, | ipsis, liberis pos- 
terisque eorum | civitatem dedit et conubium cum | uxoribus quas 
tunc habuissent | cum est civitas iis data, aut, si qui | caelibes 



1 No diplomas of this sort issued to legionary soldiers are in existence 
except those to the soldiers of the first and second Adiutrix, These two 
legions were formed from the classici by Galba and Vespasian, and hence 
were not composed of Roman citizens as were the other legions. Cf. de 
Ruggiero, Dizionario Epigrafico, I, p. 86 f. For a discussion of the diplo- 
mata militaria see Mommsen, C. I. L. Ill, pp. 902-919. 

2 At this period the term of service of the legionaries was fixed at twenty 
years, that of the praetorians at sixteen, that of the urban cohorts at twenty, 
and that of the auxiliaries at twenty-five. Many, of course, served beyond 
the usual term. 

s See Marquardt, Staatsver. II, pp. 565, 566. 



Military Diplomas. 2 1 

essent, cuin iis quaspostea | duxissent, dum taxat singuli | singu- 
las, 1 a. d. Non. Mar., | Imp. Vespasiano Aug. II, | Caesare Aug. 
f. Vespasiano cos. | T. I, pag. V, loc. XXXXVI. | Nervae 
I^aidi f. Desidiati. 2 | descriptum et recognitum ex tabula | aenea 
quae fixa est Roraae in Capi|tolio in podio arae gentis Iuliae | la- 
tere dextro | ante signu. Lib. Patris. 

C. Helvi Iyepidi, Saloni|tani; | Q. Petroni Musaei, Iades|tini ; | 
Iy. Valeri Acuti, Salonit.; | M. Nassi Phoebi, Salonit. ; | H,. Pub- 
lici Germulli ; | Q. Publici Macedonis, | Neditani ; | Q. Publici 
Crescentis. 

Herculaneum in Campania. (C. /. L. Ill, p. 849=X, 1402.) 

Date, March 6, 70. 

31. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug., | pont. max., tr. pot. II, 
imp. VI, p. p., I cos. Ill, desig. MI, | veteranis qui militaverunt 
in I classe Misenensi sub Sex. L,uci|lio Basso, 5 qui sena et vicena* 
sti[pendia aut plura meruerant, | et sunt deducti Paestum, 5 quo- 
rum I nomina subscripta sunt, ipsis, li|beris posterisque eorum 
civita|tem dedit et conubium cum uxorijbus quas tunc habuissent 
cum I est ci vitas iis data, aut, si qui | caelibes essent, cum iis 



1 For the difficult and disputed question of the marriage of soldiers see 
Mommsen, C. I. L. Ill, p. 905 f.; Mispoulet, Revue de Philologie, 1884, 
pp. 1 13-126, etc. 

2 Undoubtedly a town of Dalmatia, derived from the Daesitiates, — Pliny, 
N. H. Ill, 3143; Veil. Pat. II, 115, 4; Strabo, VII, 5, 3. The witnesses 
whose names are given are all from Dalmatian towns, — Salonae, Iader, and 
Nedinum. In diplomas of the year 71 and earlier the witnesses were usual- 
ly comrades and fellow-countrymen of the discharged veteran. So in no. 31 
the soldier Marcus is from Gerasa in Syria, and of the witnesses, three are 
from Laodicea, three from Antioch, and one from Caesarea or Turris Strato- 
nis, all in Syria. Later, the witnesses were chosen from among the Roman 
citizens of the lower classes, who may have made a business of such attesta- 
tions, since the same name frequently recurs. 

3 See pp. 8, 9, above. 

4 The ordinary term of service for auxiliaries was twenty-five years, but 
the term for the classici seems to have been twenty-six, — cf. nos. 32 and 33. 

5 Vespasian increased the colony at Paestum in I^ucania by settling these 
veterans there. See Mommsen, C. I. L. X, pp. 52, 53 ; also p. 28, below. 



22 Military Diplomas. 

quas | postea duxissent, dum taxat | singuli singulas, | Nonis 
April., | CaesareAug. f. Domitiano, | Cn. Pedio Casco 1 cos. | Gre- 
gali | M. Damaef., Suro Garaseno 2 . | Descriptum et recognitum 
ex ta|bula aenea quae fixa est Romae | in Capitolio in podio arae | 
gentis Iuliae parte exteriore. 

Appi Didi Praxiae, I,audiceni, eq. R. ; | C. Iuli Agathocli, I,au- 
diceni ; | Cn. Cessi Cn. f. Col. Cesti, Antioches. ; | L,. Corneli Si- 
monis, Caesarea Straton.; | Ti. Claudi Epaphroditi, Antioches.; |< 
C. Iuli Theopompi, Antiochesis ; | Ti. Claudi Demosthenis, Laudic. 

Pompeii in Campania. (C. /. L. -Ill, p. iQ59=X, 897.) 

Date, April 5, 71. 

32. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug., pout. | max., tr. pot. II, 
imp. VI, p. p.. cos III, desig. | IIII, veteranis qui militaverunt 
in I classe Ravennate sub Sex. Lucilio | Basso 3 , qui sena et vicena 
stipendia | aut plura meruerunt, et sunt de|ducti in Pannoniam*, 
quorum nojmina subscripta sunt, ipsis, libe|ris posterisque eorum 
civitatem | dedit et conubium cum uxoribus | quas tunc habuissent 
cum est civi|tas iis data, aut, si qui caelibes essent, | cum iis quas 
postea duxissent, dum | taxat singulis singulas, Non. April., | 
Caesari Aug. f. Domitiano, Cn. Pedio Casco 5 cos. | Platori Veneti 
f. , centurioni, | Maezeio 6 . j Descriptum et recognitum ex tabula | 
aenea quae fixa est Romae in | Capitolio ad aram gentis Iuliae 
de I foras podio sinisteriore, tab. I, | pag. II, loco XXXXIIII. 

T. Iuli Rufi, Salonit. , eq. R. ; | P. Vibi Maximi, Epitaur., eq. 
R. ; I T. Faui Celeris, Iadestin., dec; | C. Marci Proculi, Iades- 



1 Cf. nos. 32 and 33 ; not otherwise known. 

2 A native of Gerasa in Syria. 

3 See pp. 8, 9. 

4 See p. 28. 

5 Cf. nos. 31 and 33. 

6 The Maezei were a people of Illyricum, near the borders of Dalmatia ; 
cf. no. 182; Pliny, N. H. Ill, \ 142; Strabo, VII, 5, 3; Ptolem. II, 16, 5; 
Dio, LV, 32. The witnesses are all from the same neighborhood, just as in 
nos. 30 and 31. 



Military Diplomas. 23 

tin., dec; | P. Caetenni dementis, Salon.; | P. L,uri Moderati, 
Risinitan.; | Q. Poblici Crescentis, Iadest. 

Salonae in Dalmatia. (C /. L. Ill, p. 850.) 

Date, April 5, 71. 

33. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug., pont. max., tr. pot. II, 
imp. VI, p. p. , cos. Ill, desig. IIII, veteranis qui militaverunt in 

classe sub , qui sena et vicena sti\pendia aut 

plnra meruissent, j item is qui ante emerita stipen|afoz eo, quod se 
in expeditione belli | fortiter indnstrieque gesserant, | exauctorati 
sunt, quorum nomi|na subscripta sunt, ipsis, liberis | posterisque 
eorum civitatem dedit et conubium ! cum uxoridus quas tunc habu- 
issent | cum est civ itas is data, aut, si qui cae\H5es ess(ent) ex is, 

cum is quas postea du\xissent dum taxat singuli sing., | a. d 

K. Maias, | Caes. Aug./. Domitiano, Cn. Pedio Casco 1 cos. | — 

Iensi f., Pannonio. | Descriptum et recogn. ex tabula aen. 

quae | fixa est ifomae in Capitolio ad aram | gentis IuIislq. 

Grabarje in Pannonia Inferior. (C. I. L. Ill, p. 851.) 

Date, April 14-30, 71. 

The first tablet is fragmentary and the second, containing the 
names of the witnesses, is missing. I have followed the supple- 
ment of Mommsen 2 . 

The term of service shows that this diploma belongs to the 
marines, and it is very probable that, like no. 32, it was issued 
to the classis Ravennas, under Sex. Iyiicilius Bassus. Tacitus 3 
states that this fleet was manned in great part by men from Pan- 
nonia and Dalmatia. That two diplomas were issued to the vet- 
erans of the same fleet at so short an interval might be explained 
on the ground that the diploma given in no. 32 was issued only 
to those deducti in Pannoniam, this one to the remainder. 

34. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, pontifex | maximus, 
tribunic. potestat. V, imp. XIII, p. p., | cos. V, designat. VI, 
censor, | equitibus et peditibus qui militant in alis sex | et cohor- 

1 Cf. nos. 31 and 32. 
3 C. I. L., I. c. 
3 H. Ill, 12. 



24 Military Diplomas. 

tibus duodecim quae appellantur | I Flavia Gemina, et I Cannene- 
fatium, et II Fla|via Gemina, et Picentiana, et Scubulorum, | et 
Claudia Nova ; et I Thracum, et I Asturum, | et I Aquitanorum 
veterana, et I Aquitanorum | Biturigum, et II Augusta Cyrenaica, 
et III | Gallorum, et III, et IIII Aquitanorum, et IIII | Vindeli- 
corum, et V Hispanorum, et V Dal|matarum, et VII Raetorum : 
et sunt in Ger|mania sub Cn. Pinario Cornelio Clemente 1 , | qui 
quina et vicena stipendia aut plura | meruerant, quorum nomina 
subscripta | sunt, ipsis, liberis posterisque eorum civi|tatem dedit 
et conubium cum uxoribus | quas tunc habuissent cum est civitas 
iis | data, aut, si qui caelibes essent, cum iis quas | postea duxis- 
sent, dum taxat singuli singu|las, a. d. XII K. Iunias, | Q. Pe- 
tillio Ceriale Caesio Rufo 2 II, T. Clodio Eprio Marcello 3 II cos. | 
Alae Scubulorum cui praest | Ti. Claudius Sp. f. Atticus, | gre- 
gali | Veturio Teutomi f . , Pannon. | Descriptum et recognitum ex 
tabula aenea quae | fixa est Romae in Capitolio intro euntibus | ad 
sinistram in muro inter duos arcus. 

L. Caecili L,. f. Quir. Iovini; | L,. Cannuti Luculli Clu., Tu- 
der.; [ L. Iuli C. f. Silvini, Carthag.; | Sex. Iuli C. f. Fab. Italici, 



1 Cf. nos. 24, 79, 129. 

2 A relative of Vespasian, legate of the ninth legion in Britain under Nero, 
and one of the generals of the army of Antonius Primus which invaded Italy 
for Vespasian. He suppressed the revolt of Civilis, was suffect consul for the 
first time in 70, and legate of Britain, 71-74. See Tac. Ann. XIV, 32 ; H. Ill, 
59. 78, 791 IV, 68, 71, 79, 86; V, 14-26; Agric. 8; Jos. B. I. VII, 4, 2; Dio, 
LXV, 18, 3 ;LXVI,3, 3- 

3 Eprius Marcellus was suffect consul for the first time probably in 61, 
(See Borghesi, Oeuv. Ill, p. 285 f.; IV, p. 536 f. ; Wilmanns, Ex. I. L. 1143, 
note 2). He was praetor peregrinus for one day only, — December 29, 48, — 
legate of Lycia, and proconsul of Asia through three successive years, — sum- 
mer of 70 to summer of 73, (See Waddington, Fastes des Provinces Asia- 
ttques, no. 96). He was noted as a delator under Nero, and on the death of 
that emperor was attacked by Helvidius Priscus as a delator and by Licinius 
Caecina, a partisan of Otho, as a supporter of Vitellius. He regained favor 
under Vespasian, but became involved in the conspiracy of Caecina Alienus 
in 79, was tried and convicted, and afterwards committed suicide. See nos. 
245-248 ; Tac. Ann. XII, 4 I XIII, 33 ; XVI, 22, 26, 28, 29, 33 ; H. II, 53 ; IV, 
6-8, 43; Dial. 5, 8, 13; Dio, LXVI, 16; Sidou. Apollin. V, 7, 3. 



Military Diplomas. 25 

Rom.; I P. Atini Rufi Pal.; | C. Semproni Secundi ; | M. Salvi 
Norbani Fab. 

Sikator in Pannonia Superior. (C /. L. Ill, p. 852.) 

Date, May 21, 74. 

35. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, | pontifex maximus, 
tribunic. potestat. | VIII, imp. XVIII, p. p., censor, cos. VII, 
design. VIII, | nomina speculatorum qui in praetorio | meo mili- 
taverunt, item militum qui | in cohortibus novem praetoriis et 
quatt|uor urbanis, subieci : quibus fortiter | et pie militia functis 
ius tribuo conu|bi, dum taxat cum singulis et primis | uxoribus, 
ut etiam si peregrini iu|ris feminas matrimonio suo iunxe|rint, 
proinde liberos tollant ac si ex | duobus civibus Romanis natos, | 
a. d. Ill Non. Decembr., | Galeone Tettieno Petroniano 1 , | M. 
Fulvio Gillone 2 cos. | Coh. VI pr., | L. Knnio L. f. Tro. Feroci, 
Aquis Statellis. | Descriptum et recognitum ex tabula | aenea quae 
fixa est Romae in Capitolio | in basi Iovis Africi. 

Tonii in Moesia Inferior. (C /. L. Ill, p. 853.) 

Date, December 2, 76. 

Only the first tablet remains ; hence the names of the witnesses 
are missing. 

36. Imp. Titus Caesar divi Vespasiani f. Vespasia|nus Augus- 
tus, pontifex maximus, tribunic. | potestat. Villi, imp. XV, p. 
p., censor, cos. VIII, | iis qui militaverunt equips et pedites in | 
alis quattuor et cohortibus decern et trijbus: I Arvacorum, I civi- 
um Romanorum, II Ar|vacorum, Frontoniana ; I Alpinorum, I 
Montajnorum, I Noricorum, I Lepidiana, I Augusta | Ituraeorum, 
I Lucensium, I Alpinorum, I | Britannica, II Asturum et Callae- 
corum, II I Hispanorum, III Thracum, V Breucorum, VIII | Rae- 
torum, quae sunt in Pannonia sub T. | Atilio Rufo 3 , quinis et 
vicenis pluribusve sti|pendiis emeritis dimissis honesta missio|ne; 



1 Not otherwise known. There are, however, inscriptions of members and 
freedmen of the same family, — C. I. L. VI, 18850; Bull. deW Inst. Arch. 
Germ. 1839, p. 146 ; 1876, p. 235. 

2 Cf. nos. 194, 195, 249, 250. He was proconsul of Asia probably during 
the reign of Domitian. 

3 Governor of Syria early in Domitian's reign, — Tac. Agric. 40. 



26 Military Diplomas. 

item iis qui militant in alis duabus, | I civium Romanorum et II 
Arvacorum et | cohorte VIII Raetorum, et sunt sub eodem | 
emeritis quinis et vicenis stipendiis, quo|rum nomina subscripta 
sunt, ipsis, li|beris posterisque eorum civitatem | dedit et conu- 
bium cum uxoribus quas tunc | habuissent cum est civitas iis 
data, | aut si qui caelibes essent, cum eis quas j postea duxissent, 
dum taxat singuli J singulas., Idibus Iunis, | L. Lamia Plautio 
Aeliano, 1 | C. Mario Marcello Octavio Publio Cluvio Rufo 2 cos. | 
Cohort. I Montanorum cui praest | Sex. Nerianus Sex. f. Clu. 
Clemens, | ex peditibus, | Soioni Muscelli f. Besso. | Descriptum et 
recognitum ex tabula aenea | quae fixa est Romae in Capitolio 
post ae|dem fidei p. R. in muro. 

L. Pulli Sperati ; | __. Atini Rufi ; | Eutrapeli ; | i 

Sementivi; | P. Manli Lauri ; | M. Stlacci Phileti ; | L. Pulli 
Ianuarz. 

Klosterneuberg in Noricum. (C. /. L. Ill, p. 854.) 

Date, June 13, 80. 

37. qui eorum uxores non habent, si qui eorum 

feminam peregrinam | duxerit, dumtaxat singuli singulas quas | 
primo duxerint, cum iis habeant conubium. | Hoc quoque iis tri- 
buo, ut quos agros a me | acceperint quasve res possederunt, III 
K. I Tanuar., Sex. Marcio Prisco, 3 Cn. Pinario | Aemilio Cicatri- 

cula 4 cos., sint immunes. | i si C. f. Galeria Saturniui, | 

Clunia, cho. II pr. 

Rome, in bed of Tiber. (Dessau, 1994.) 

Date, December 30, — probably early in the reign of Domitian. 

1 Cf. no. 159. His wife, Domitia Longina, daughter of Corbulo, was se- 
duced by Domitian, after the accession of Vespasian, and he himself was 
put to death when Domitian came to the throne, — Suet. Dom. 1, 10; Dio, 
LXVI, 3, 4; Juv. IV, 154 

8 Perhaps a son of the Cluvius Rufus who was a consularis in 41 and 
governor of Spain in 69, and who wrote a history of the times of Nero, Galba, 
Otho, and Vitellius. Cf Suet. Nero, 21 ; Dio, LXIII, 14 ; Tac. Ann. XIII, 
20; XIV, 2; H. I, 8, 76 ; II, 58, 59, 65 ; III, 65 ; IV, 39, 43 J Pliny, Ep. IX, 
19,5. 

1 Legate of Lycia under Vespasian, — see nos. 104, 261-263. 

4 Legate of Numidia in 80 and of Pannonia in 98, — see no. 141, and C. I. L. 
Ill, p. 862. 



Colonization of Veterans. 27 

That the diploma of which this fragment has been preserved 
was issued by one of the Flavian emperors is certain, as is clear 
from the names of the men who are given as the consuls. Decem- 
ber 30th, the day on which it was granted, was the birthday of 
Titus; 1 hence it has been conjectured that it was issued by him. 2 
The date would then be 79, since we know the consuls of Decem- 
ber, 80 3 . 

The ground for this inference seems to me vety slight. More- 
over, a recently discovered inscription 4 makes it probable that Cn. 
Pinarius Aemilius Cicatricula was legatus Augusti of Numidia — 
a praetorian legateship — in 80. He could not, then, have been 
consul in 79. It is very probable that the diploma was issued by 
Domitian earty in his reign, and on Titus's birthday as an honor 
to him. 

COLONIZATION OF VETERANS. 

After the close of the wars that marked the beginning of his 
reign, Vespasian settled some of his discharged veterans as colon- 
ists in the towns of Italy, and even of the provinces. Reate, in 
the territory of the Sabini, his own native town, 5 was one of the 
places to which these colonists were sent, and we have five inscrip- 
tions from Reate of veterans who were settled there. 

38. D. m. I C. Carantio | C. f. Voltinia | Verecundo, | Vien- 
nae, veterano | cho. VII pr., deducto | ab divo Vesp. Reate, et | 
Carantio Phoebo, et | Carantiae Epaeneteni, | lib. posterisq. suis. | 
In agro p. VI, in f. p. V. (C. I. L. IX, 4682.) 

39. Dis manibus. | C. Coming , | veterano cho | 

pr. , centuria Martialis, missus h. m. y j deductus Reate a divo \ 

Vespasiano, vixzV | C. Cominius C. f. Qui. | Secundus 

patri j Comin (C. /. L. IX, 4683.) 

1 Suet. Tit. 2. 

* Among others by Mommsen, ap. F. Barnabei, Monumenti Antichi, I, 
PP- 435-436 ; and Dessau, Inscr. Lat. Set. 1994. 

3 No. 159. 

4 No. 141. 

5 Suet. Vesp. 2. 



28 Censorship. 

40. Dis manibus. | C. Iulio C. f. | Longino, | domo Voltinia | 
Philippis Macedonia, veteranus | leg. VIII Aug., deductus | ab 
divo Augusto I Vespasiano Quirin. 1 | Reate, se vivo fecit | sibi et 
Iuliae C. libert. | Helpidi, coniugi suae, | et C. Iulio C. libert. 
Felici, I et posterisque suis fee. | et C. Iulio C. 1. Decembro, | et 
Iuliae C. 1. Veneriae, | et C. Iulio C. 1. Prosdoxo. 

(C /. L. IX, 4684.) 

41. C. Octavio P. f. Pastori | Publ., Verona, | sig. leg. Villi, | 

deductus Reate ab divo Aug. | Vesp., J Octaviae C. 1. Secundae, \ 

coniugi, I C. Octavio C. f. Qui. Pastors, | Octaviae C. 1. Urs , | 

s(ibi) suisque, \ C. Octavio Trog , | omni honore 

(C.I. L. IX, 4685.) 

42. L. Valerio | Valenti, | veterano leg. J Villi, deducto Rea- 
te [ a divo Augusto | Vespasiano, | Valeriae Cale, | L. Valerius For- 
tunatu(s) I patronis bene | merentibus fecit. 

(C I.L. IX, 4689.) 

Paestum, in I^ucania, was also increased hy a colony of vet- 
erans 2 , and others were sent to Pannonia 3 . Naturally, after the 
civil wars there was great need of recolonizing man3 7 of the towns 
both of Italy and of the provinces, and also of providing homes 
for the soldiers not needed in the regular forces. From various 
sources, we have the record of a considerable number of places 
thus recolonized by Vespasian.* 

CENSORSHIP. 

DATE. 

Perhaps never in the history of Rome, at least until the time of 
the barbarian invasians, did the condition of the empire require 

1 Vespasian, being from Reate, was of the tribe Ouirina ; hence all his col- 
onies were assigned to this tribe. This accounts for the frequency of its oc- 
currence in the inscriptions of Spain, to all the civitates of which Vespasian 
granted the ins Latii, — seep. 31, below. 

2 No. 31. 
8 No. 32. 

* See Zuinpt, Commentationes Epigraphicae, pp. 394-399. 



Censorship, 29 

the exercise of the duties of the censorship more than at the be- 
ginning of Vespasian's reign. The office was undertaken by Ves- 
pasian and his son Titus. The question of the exact date and du- 
ration of this censorship has puzzled many historians, and even in 
histories of recent date errors are frequently made. 

Censorinus 1 fixes the date of the lustrum as 74 2 . Pliny 3 says 
that Vespasian undertook the duties of the censorship intra qua- 
driennium. This led many to suppose that the censorship contin- 
ued through the years 71-74 ; but Mommsen 4 has pointed out that 
the words are to be taken as meaning, not "during four years," 
but " four years ago," — i. e., four years before the date at which 
Pliny is writing. 

We have no other literary evidence bearing upon this point ; 
hence we are compelled to depend upon the inscriptions to fix the 
date of the beginning of the censorship. From this source we ob- 
tain much more definite information. 

43. Imp. Caesar ^spasianus Augustus, \pont. max., trib. 
pot. IIII, imp. X., p. p., cos. I//I, censor. 

Brixia in Venetia. (C /. L. V, 4312.) 

Date, January -June, 73. 

44. Imp. T. Caes. | Aug. f. | Vespasian., | pont., tribu?z. pot. 
II, J imperat. IIII, | cos. II, design. Ill, | censori, d. d. 

Sestinum in Umbria. (Dessau, 260.) 

Date, March -June, 73. 

45- (a— on a cippus) Imp. Caesari | Vespasiano Aug. , | pont. 
max., trib. pot. | IIII, imp. X, p. p., con. IIII, die. | V, censori 

designato, | ami. IIII imp. eius, | Felicitas Iulia OHs|-_o 

{b -on an arch) Imp. Caesari Vespasiano Aug. , pont. 

1 De Die Natali, 18, 14. 

2 Both Vespasian and Titus frequently have the title censor on inscrip- 
tions after this date, but this is merely honorary. 

3 N. H. VII, 1 162. 

* Staatsr. II, p. 350, note 3. 



30 Censorship. 

max., trib. pot. IIII, | imp. X, p. p., con. IIII, die. V, censori 
design., ann. IIII | imperii eius felic(is) lib(erti) 1 . 

Olisipo in I^usitania. (C. I. L. II, 5217.) 

Date, March -June, 73. 

4©. AvTOKpdropi Ove(T7racriav(0 Kaurapt j 25e/3ao"ra), ap^iepel /xeytcrrcu, 
SrjfxapxtKrjs | i£ovaias to [8'] , avroKparopi to l, I irarpl TrarpiSos, t»7raTa> 
to S, 6.7ro\8eSeLyfiev<t> to c, TeifxrjTy, KaiKiAxa Aa//,7rpis j xmkp Trjs 7ro\e[w]s. 

Chaeroneia in Boeotia. (C. /. (9. I, 3418.) 

Date, March -June, 73. 

From nos. 44 and 46 it can be seen that Vespasian entered upon 
the censorship before July 1 , 73 2 . No. 43 would seem to point to 
a date previous to his designation to his fifth consulship, which 
took place in March, 73 s . If this were so, the date would proba- 
bly be January 1 , 73 ; but in no. 45 we have censor designatus 
with consul designatus V, which would seem to throw the date be- 
tween March 1 and July 1. Both inscriptions cannot be correct. 
In no. 43, the fact that Vespasian had been elected to his fifth 
consulship may have been omitted, or, as the inscription is very 
fragmentary, it may even, conceivably, have read censor des. 

In the present condition of the evidence, it seems best to accept 
the month of April, — a very natural time 4 , — in the year 73, as 
the date at which Vespasian and Titus entered upon the censorship. 

The date of the designation to the censorship cannot be so read- 
ily determined. Chambalu 5 accepts the date November, 72, with 
some show of probability, it is true, but with no really tangible 

1 (b) was sent by Soromenho to Henzen, and by him first edited in Ephe- 
meris Epigraphica IV, pp. 9-10. (a) had been previously known. It is 
probable that both are not ancient, but that one was taken from the other. 
The variations are slight. Though the last line of (b) may be rendered as 
above, it is more probably a corruption of (a). 

2 The same can be shown from the inscriptions on the Tiber cippi, — nos. 
86-88. 

3 See p. 5, note 1. 

4 See Mommseu, Staatsr. II, p. 352, note 3. 

5 De Magistratibus Flaviorum, p. 19, with reference to Mommsen, 
Staatsr. I, p. 589, note 4. 



Censorship. 31 

proof. As against this date the following inscriptions should be 
considered. 

47. Imp. T. Vespasiano | Caesari Aug./., ] trib. p., cos. II, 
cenj. desig., 1 | M. Nonius. 

Herculaueum in Campania. (C /. L. X, 1420.) 

Date, January -June, 72. 

48. T. Caesari Au^. f. | Vespasiano, im/>. , | trib. potest., 
cos., J censori desig., | collegioru7?z | omnium sacerd^'. 2 

Rome. (Epk. Ep. IV, 779.) 

Date, July -December, 71. 

It is seen that, according to the inscriptions, Titus was censor 
designatus before the end of the year 71. It might, perhaps, be 
argued that this is merely honorary, — on the supposition that the 
intention of Vespasian and Titus to undertake the censorship was 
known, but that the formal election did not take place until about 
November, 72. To me, however, this seems almost inconceiv- 
able, and I should prefer to consider that the election had taken 
place, perhaps about the time of the triumph in 71, and that it 
was not considered best to enter upon the actual duties of the 
office until early in 73. Such designations a considerable length 
of time in advance were not uncommon. 3 

GRANT OF LATIN RIGHTS IN SPAIN. 

One of the chief acts of Vespasian's reign, undertaken during 
the censorship, was the grant of the ius Latii to all the civitates 
of Spain. 4 This was, perhaps, a tribute to the memory of Galba, 

1 The supplement of Mommsen, (C. I. L. X, 1420), cens., pontiff cannot 
be accepted. It would be a most unusual order of titles, and, in any case, 
Titus could not possibly have borne the title censor at this date. The sup- 
plement that I have given seems with practical certainty the correct one. 

2 See no. 221, note. 

3 See Mommsen, Staatsr. I, pp. 586-588. 

4 Pliny, N. H. Ill, \ 30. Josephus, {Contra Ap. II, 4), when he says 
that the "Iberians are called Romans," must refer to the bestowal of the 
ius Latii by Vespasian. The statement is inexact. Only a limited number, 
through their occupancy of municipal offices, would receive full Roman 
citizenship. 



32 Censorship. 

as well as a reward for the loyalty of Spain to his own cause in 
the war with Vitellius. 1 We have a number of inscriptions that 
bear upon this grant of Latin rights. 

49. Apolliui Aug., 2 I municip^ Igabrenses | beneficio | Imp. 
Caesaris Aug. Vespasiani | c(ivitatem) R(omanam) c(onsecuti) 
cum sms per honorem, | Vespasiano VI cos., | M. Aelius M. fil. 
Niger, aed., | d. d. 

Igabrum in Baetica. (C. /. L. II, 1610.) 

Date, 75. 

50. L. Iunius Faustinus, | L. Iunius L,. f. | Mamius Faus- 
tina I c(ivitatem) R(omanam) per honorem | consecuti bene- 
ficio I Imp. Caes. Aug. Vespasiani 

Igabrum in Baetica. (C /. L. II, 1631.) 

Date, probably 75. 3 

51. Imp. Caesari | Vespasiano Augusto, | pont. max., trib. | 
pot. VIII, imp. XIIX, I cos. VIII, p. p. | Iy. Porcius Sabel/us, 
Ilvir, j pequnia sua, d. d. d. 

Anticariain Baetica. (C /. L. II, 2041.) 

Date, January -June, 77. 

Hiibner 4 remarks that this inscription may preserve the memory 
of the ius Latii granted to Anticaria, or of Roman citizenship 
granted to the duumvir per honorem. The latter is probably cor- 
rect, though of course it includes the former. 

52. Divo Caesari | Aug. Vespasia|no, censori, | municipium 
Mw|niguense d. d. | L,. Aelius Fronto | dedicavit. 

Munigua in Baetica. (C /. L. II, 1049.) 

53. Divo j T. divi f .Cae|sari Aug., cen|sori, municipi|um 
Muniguense, d. d. | __ Licinius Victor | dedicavit. 

Munigua in Baetica. (C. I. L. II, 1050.) 

Munigua was a municipium Flavium? 

1 Cf. Tac. H. Ill, 53, 70. 

s Cf. C. I. L. II, 1403, 3358 ; III, 5629 ; VI, 33, 35, 42, etc. 

3 As no. 49, from the same place. 

* C. I. L. y I. c. 

5 Cf. C. I. L. II, 1378. 



Censorship. 33 

54. Tit. Caesari Aug. f. | Vespasiano Imp. , | pont., trib. pot. 
VI, I cos. des. VI, cen|sori, d. d. 

Baesucci in Hispania Tarraconensis. (C /. L. II, 3250.) 
Date, July -December, 76. 

We know from other inscriptions that Baesucci was a municipi- 
um Flavium} This inscription may be a dedication on account 
of the grant of the ius Latii. 

55. , miunicipes) m(unicipii) beneficio | Imp. Caesa- 

ris Aug. Ves|/#szani, cos. VI, et T. Caesaris Aug. \fil. HII 
a?s., c(ivitatem) R(omanam) | consecutus cum wxoxe et liberie \ 
per hon(orem Ilvzr(atus), | __ Valerius L. f. Quir. Rufus, | 
s. p. d. d. 2 

Cisimbrium in Baetica. (C. 1. L. II, 2096.) 

Date, 75. 

56. Imp. Caes. Vespasiano Aug., | pontif. max., tribunic. 
potestat. I V, imperatori XI, p. p., cos. V, des. VI, | censori, 
liberisq. eius, | pagani pagi Carbulensis. 

Almodovar del Rio in Baetica. (C /. L. II, 2322.) 

Date, March -June, 74. 

Perhaps in memory of certain rights granted by Vespasian, 
though not necessarily the ius Latii 'in its usual form. 3 

In addition to the inscriptions quoted above, there is further 
proof of the great number of towns that were benefited by this 
grant of the ius Latii in the inscriptions of communities that are 
spoken of as municipia Flavia, or in some way indicated as such. 
The following is a list of these. 



1 C. I. L. II, 3251, 3252. 

2 The inscription is variously restored. I have followed approximately 
the supplement of Mommsen (C. I. L. II, 2069, note). 

3 Mommsen {Provinces, Bng. Trans. I, p. 73, note 1) calls attention to 
the fact that, "As the Latin communal constitution is unsuited for a com- 
munity not organized as a town, those Spanish communities which still after 
Vespasian's time lacked urban organization must either have been excluded 
from the bestowal of Latin rights or have had special modifications to 
meet their case. The latter maybe regarded as having more probability." 



34 



Censorship. 



Baetica. 



Arva, 


C. I. L. II, 1060, 1064-6. 


Nescania, 


C. I. L. II, 2009 


Axati, 


1055- 


Sabora, 


1423 


Canama, 


1074. 


Salpensa, 


" 1286, 1963 


Igabrum, 


" 1610. 


Singilia, 


" 2025 


Ilipa ? 


" 1192. 


Sosontigi ? 


" 1721 


Malaca, 


1964. 


Ugultuniacum ? " 1028 


Munigua, 


1378. 








Lusitania. 





Merobriga ? C. I. L. II, 25. 
Tarraconensis . 



Aquae Flaviae, C.I.L. II, 2477, 2478 



Aurgi, 

Baesucci, 

Bergidum, 

Ebusus, 

Egara, 



3362-3, 3370 

3251, 3252 

4248 

3663 

4494 



Flaviaugusta, 

Iamo ? 

Laminium, 

Mago, 

Tugia, 

Vivatia, 



C.I.L. II, 4196. 

4538. 
3251-2. 

37o8. 
3251-2. 
3251-2. 



ADLECTION. 



One of the tasks undertaken by Vespasian and Titus in connec- 
tion with the censorship was the purification of the senatorial and 
equestrian orders, and the addition of new members to these orders 
and to the patriciate by means of the right of adlection, which was 
very freely exercised. 1 Among the new patricians created by this 
means were Annius Verus, grandfather of the emperor Marcus 
Aurelius, 2 and Cn. Julius Agricola 3 . The inscriptions preserve 
for us the record of others raised to the patriciate or advanced to 
the rank of praetor 4 or tribune by Vespasian and Titus. 

57. I divi Traiani Aug. prov. | Britanniae, curat. 

aquar. | urbis, pr. , trib. mil. leg. XII Ful|minat., salio Palat., 
quaest. | Aug., curat, actorum sena|tus, adlecto inter patric. | ab 



1 Suet. Vesp. 9. 

2 Scriptores Hist. Aug. Vita Marci, 1. 

3 Tac. Agric. 9. 

4 Minicius Macrinus is mentioned by Pliny, Ep. I, 14, 5. 



Censorship. 35 

divo Vespasiano, Illvir. | a. a. a. f. f., | ex testamento Vettillae 
eius. 1 

Saepinum in Samnium. (C /. L. IX, 2456.) 

58. misso a | divo Nerva ad agros dividendos 2 , 

comiti Imp. I Caesaris Nervae Traiani Aug. Germ. Dacic 

dum I exercitus suos circumit, leg. propr. provinc. Belgian, ad- 

lecto inter | patricios ab Imperatorib. divis Vespasiano et Tito, 

(C /. L. VI, 1548.) 

Lucanus and Tullus, adopted sons of Domitius Afer, were also 
raised to the patriciate by Vespasian and Titus. 3 

59. C. Iulio P. f. Hor I Cornuto Tertul/0, | cos., procon- 

suli provincial Asiae, | proconsuli provinciae Narbonensis, | legato 
pro praetore divi Traiani Parthici | provinciae Ponti et Bithyniae, | 
eiusdem legato propraetore | provinciae Aquitania^ censuum | ac- 
cipiendorum, curatori viae | Aemiliae, praefecto aerari Saturni, \ 
legato propraetore provincz*^ | Cretae et Cyrenarum, adiecto | inter 
praetorios a divis Vespasiano | et Tito censoribus, aedili cereali, \ 
quaestori urbano, | ex testamento, | C. Iulius PI. Anicius Varus 
Cornutus 4 

Praeneste in Latium. (C /. L. XIV, 2925.) 

Cornutus Tertullus was praefechis aerarii with the younger 
Pliny during the reign of Nerva, suffect consul with him, Septem- 
ber, 100, and succeeded him as legate of Pontus and Bithynia. 5 



1 Borghesi {Oeuv. V, p. 359) assigns this inscription to L. Neratius Mar- 
cellus, brother of the jurist Priscus {Dig. XXXIII, 7, 12, 43), who was leg- 
ate of Britain in 103 (C. I. L. Ill, p. 864). Cf. also Pliny, Ep. Ill, 8, 1 ; 
C. I. L. IX, 1455. 

2 Mommsen (C. I. L. VI, 1548, note) compares Dio, I/XVIII, 2; Pliny, 
Ep. VII, 31, 4. 

3 Nos. 25 and 26. 

4 It has been suggested (C. I. L. XIV, 2925, note) that this may be the 
son of the Plancius Varus of Tac. H. II, 63, and the adopted son of C. Iulius 
Cornutus Tertullus; but the identification is not certain. 

5 Pliny, Ep. II, 11, 19; 12, 2; IV, 17, 9; V, 14; VII, 21 ; 31 ; IX, 13,15; 
Paneg. 90; Mommsen, Hermes, III (1869), p. 91, and p. 97, note. 



36 Censorship. 

60. L. Baebio L. f. | Gal. Avito, | praef. fabr., trib. | mil. leg. 
X Gem., proc. | Imp. Caesaris Vespasiani | Aug. provinciae Lusi- 
taniae, | adlecto inter praetorios. [C. I. L. VI, 1359.) 

61. C. Salvio C. f. Vel. Liberali | Nonio Basso, cos., procos. 
provin|««^ i^focedoniae, legato Augustorum | p7'ovinc. Britaun., 
legato leg. V Maced., \fratri ^rvali, adlecto ab divo Vespasiano | 
et divo Tito inter tribunicios, ab isdem | allecto inter praetorios, 
quinq. IIII, p. c. Hie sorte | procos. /actus provinciae Asiae se 
excusavit. 

Urbs Salvia in Picenum. (C /. L. IX, 5533.) 

C. Salvius Liberalis Nonius Bassus was a well-known orator and 
advocate. 1 Suetonius 2 says of him : Salvium Liberalem in defen- 
sione divitis rei ausum dicere : Quid ad Caesar em, si Hipparchus 
sestertium milies kabetf et ipse \_Vespasianus~] laudavit. This 
inscription would seem to prove that Vespasian not only ipse lau- 
davit, but also recognized the fearlessness and worth of the man 
in a more substantial manner by rapid advancement in rank. 

He was elected a member of the Fratres Arvales, March 1, 7s, 3 
and is mentioned in the Acta for the years 78, 81, 86, 87, and 101,* 
but never during the later years of Domitian's reign. He may 
have fallen into disfavor with Domitian and have been obliged to 
leave Rome, or at least to lead a life of retirement, until Nerva 
came to the throne. The date of his consulship is unknown. An 
inscription containing his w T ife's name has also been discovered. 5 

62. C. Fulvio C. f. Vol/. I IyUpo Serviliantf, [ adlecto inter 
praetorzVtf | ab Imp. Caesare Aug. Vespasza^*?, | praefecto alae 
L,onginian<z£, | IHIvir. ad aerarium, | pontifici, praefecto vigilum, \ 
Iulia D. til. Concessa | viro. 

Nemausus in Gallia Narbonensis. (C /. L. XII, 3166.) 

1 Pliny, Ep. II, 11, 17; III, 9, 33-36; Suet. Vesp. 13. 

2 Vesp. 13. 

3 No. 155. 

4 Nos. 155 and 156; C. I. L. VI, 2060, 2064, 2065, 2074. 

5 No. 256. 



Censorship. 37 

63. f. Pom. Firrao, \IIIIv. v. c. [?], tr. mil. leg. 

IXII I Scythic, leg. Aug. Vesp., q. Aug., orn. | /raetoricis a sena- 
tu auctorib. | /mperatorib. Vesp. et Tito adlect. , | ab eisd. zmpera- 
tor. d. d. coron. Ill aur. | mur. [?] classics, hast. pur. Ill, prae- 
tor., I d. d. 

Arretium in Etruria. (C /. L. XI, 1834.) 

64. Q. Aur I Pactum^ | Quir. dementi, | in senatu 

inter | praetorioj | allecto ab | Imp. Vespasiano | Aug. et Tito Imp. 
Aug.f. 

Cirta in Numidia. (C. I. L. VIII, 7057.) 



adlecto \ ab Imp. Caes. Vespasi\ano Aug. et 

Tito I Imp. Aug. f., sacerdoti feltiali, praef. aerarii | militaris, cos. 

ex Africa |/rimo, Pactumeza Vev| m — mo 

Cirta in Numidia. (C /. L. VIII, 7058.) 

Borghesi 1 refers this latter inscription to P. Pactumeius Fronto, 
suffect consul in 80 2 , but von Rohden 8 thinks that it refers to the 
same man as the inscription given just before. 

66. tilio P. f. Clu. Lol/eVmo [?] , | ^rib. mil. leg. IIII 

Scythic. I beneficio divi Claudi, | praef. coh. Ill Sagittar., | adlecto 
inter praetor. | ab Imp. Vespasiano Aug., | /eg. pro pr. provinciae 
Asia., I col. lul(ia) Conc(ordiaJ Apamea | patrono suo. 

Apamea in Bithyuia. (C /. L. Ill, 335.) 



adlecto inter ^ribunicios | a divo Fespasiano 

Aug. I piissim 

Tarraco in Hispania Tarraconensis. (C /. L. II, 4130.) 

MISCKLIyANEOUS GRANTS. 

68. M. Valer. M. f. | Gal. Propinquo | Grattio Cereali, | Bde- 
tano, 4 flam. p. H. c, | cui honores civitatis | suae res p. ac genio | 
lusit [sic] , adlecto in | equite a T. Imp. , praef. | fabr. bis, praef. 

1 Oeuv. VIII, p. 558. 

2 Cf. no. 159. 

3 Prosopographia, III, p. 5, no. 26. 

4 A people of Hispania Tarraconensis. Cf. Hiibner, C. I. L. II, p. 509. 



38 Grain Supply. 

cohor. | secund. Astur. in | Germ. 1 , trib. leg. V Mac. | in Moesia, 
praef. alae | Phrygurn [sic] , item praef . | alae III Thracum in 
Syria, | p(rovincia) H(ispania) c(iterior). 

Tarraco in Hispania Tarraconensis. (C /. L. II, 4251.) 

69. C. Manlio — f. Q. | Felici, trib. mil. leg. VI/ G. 2 P. F., 
adlect. in decur. | iudic. selector. 3 a divo | Tito, praef. fabr. Imp. | 
Caesaris Nervae Trai. | Germ. Dacici II, praef. class, j Pann. et 
Germ., proc. Aug. reg. | Chers., proc. Aug. XX hered., d. d. 

Burned in Thracian Chersonese. (C /. L. Ill, 726.) 

70. P. GhVio P./. ano, cos., | Illvir. a. a. a. /'./., sal. 

Palat. 4 , I quaestorz' T. Caesaris, 5 praetori, | flawini Augustali, has- 
ta pura donato | per censuram 6 ah Imp. Vespasiano | Ca^are Aug. , 
p. p., et Tito Imp. Caesare | Aug. f. L,oc. pub/ic. dat. d. d. 

Falerii in Etruria. (C. /. L. XI, 3098.) 

71. T. Flavio Castoris | f. Cyr. Alexandro, | civitate donato 
ab I Imp. Caes. Vespasiano, | F(lavius) Hermes lib. 

Isaura in Isauria. (C /. L. Ill, 6785.) 

GRAIN SUPPLY. 

The stormy period of civil wars after the death of Nero natu- 
rally made the question of the supply of grain for the people of 
Rome an urgent one, and it was one of the first with which Ves- 



1 Either in the war of 70-71 or in that of 73-74. 

2 Since the seventh Gemina apparently did not bear the name Pia before 
Caracalla, Hiibner (C. I. L. Ill, 726) suggests that the true reading is 
Cl(audiae). This is almost certainly correct. 

3 See Mommsen, Staatsr. Ill, p. 527 fF., particularly p. 536, note 2, and 
references there given. This adlection may not have been made during the 
period of the censorship. 

4 Hence Glitius was a patrician (Marquardt, Staatsver. Ill, p. 428, note 
12). This accounts for the fact that no tribunate or aedileship appears in 
his cursus honorum. 

5 Cf. no. 277 ; Mommsen, Staatsr. II, p. 570, note 2. 

6 See Mommsen, Staatsr. II, p. 399, note 3. 



Restoration of Public Property. 39 

pasian was called upon to deal. 1 In connection with this problem 
of the grain supply, the following inscriptions may be considered. 

72. Imp. Caesari Vespasiano \ Augusto , pontifici maximo , | trib. 
pot. — , imp. — , p*p., cos. — , I pleps iirbana XXXV tribuum. 2 

(C./.L. VI, 37470 

73. Imp. T. Caesari | divi f. | Vespasiano Aug. | pleps urbana | 
quae frumentum | publicum accipit | et tribus XXXV? 

(C. I. L. VI, 9430 

Even under the republic, the tribes had been made the vehicle 
for the distribution of corn and money by the state or by individ- 
uals, while under the empire this became their sole function. 
The public largesses were limited to the members of the tribes 
living in the city of Rome, and the senatorial and equestrian or- 
ders were probably excluded from them. The distribution of 
corn took place monthly. 4 

74. Pro salute | dominorum | genio horreorum, | Saturninus 
et I Successus, | horreari 5 , | donum dederunt, | Caesare Vespasiano 
VI, I Tito Caesare Imp. MI | cos. 

Date, 75. (C /. L. VI, 235.) 

RESTORATION OF PUBLIC PROPERTY. 

75. Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus Aug. | pontif. max., tribunic. | 
potest. VI, imp. XIIII, p. p., | cos. VI, desig. VII, censor, | lo- 
cum viniae publicae | occupatum a privatis | per collegium pontifi- 
cum J restituit. (C. I. L. VI, 933.) 

Date, March -June, 75. 

1 Tac. H. IV, 52. 

2 I have preferred the supplement of Hiilsen {Bull. deW 1st. Arch. 
Germ. 1888, pp. 89-91), to that of Henzen (C. I. L. VI, 3747). No argu- 
ment can be derived for Henzen's supplement from the spelling pleps ; cf. 
no. 73. 

3 Cf. C. I. L. VI, 909, 910. 

4 See Mommsen, Tribus, p. 199 ff. ; Marquardt, Staatsver. II, p. 130. 

5 The horrearii were slaves who acted as overseers of the huge public gran- 
aries or horrea. See Marquardt, Staatsver. II, p. 132, note 8, and references 
there given. 



40 Restoration of Public Property. 

76. Ex auctoritate | Imp. Caesaris | Vespasiani Aug. | loca pub- 
lica a privatis | possessa T. Suedius Clemens, 1 1 tribunus, causis cog- 
nitiset | rnensuris factis, rei | publicae Pompeianorum | restituit. 2 

Pompeii in Campania. (C. I. L. X, 1018.) 

DIANA TIFATINA. 

Here, also, ma}?- be given two inscriptions referring to territory 
restored by Vespasian to the use of the goddess Diana Tifatina. 

77. Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus | Aug., cos. VIII, | fines agro- 
rum I dicatorum | Dianae Tifat. a | Cornelio Sulla | ex forma divi | 
Aug. restituit. (C. /. L. X, 3828.) 

Date, 77-78. Capua in Campania. 

78. Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus Aug., | cos. VIII, fines locor. | 
dicatorum Dianae | Tifat. a Cornelio Sulla | ex forma divi Aug. | 
restituit. (Notizie degli Scavi, 1893, p. 165.) 

Date, 77-78. Near Capua in Campania. 

Tifata, a mountain ridge near Capua, was noted for its temple 
of Diana. This goddess was already worshipped there in the time 
of Sulla, who extended the bounds of the territory devoted to 
her. 3 The territority of Diana on Tifata is mentioned as early as 
99 B. C* This sacred ground seems to have been occupied by 
private individuals, and restored to the use of the goddess by both 
Augustus and Vespasian. 

Diana Tifatina is frequently mentioned in inscriptions found at 
or near the city of Capua. 5 



1 Mentioned by Tacitus, {H. I, 87; II, 12), as a primipilaris who was 
made a commander by Otho. He was praefectus castrorum in Egypt in 79, 
[cf no. 305). See also nos. 307-309. 

2 Cf. Hyginus, De Cond. Agr. p. 122 (Lachm. ): in provincia Cyrenen- 
sium sunt lapides inscripti nomini divi Vespasiani sub clausu- 
la tali: occupati a privatis fines p. R. restituti (MS. praestituit). 

3 Veil. Pat. II, 25, 4; Plutarch, Sulla, 6. 

4 C I. L. I, 569. 

5 Cf. C. I. L. X. 3795, 3796, 3924, 4564, 8059. See C. I. L. X, pp. 366-7 ; 
E-oscher, Lexikon der griech. und rom. Myth. I, col. 1003-1004. 



Boundary Settlements. 41 

BOUNDARY SETTLEMENTS. 

Naturally, disputes with regard to boundaries between two 
provinces or districts frequently had to be settled by the provincial 
legates of the emperor or by special agents sent out by him. 1 
A number of such instances occurring in the reign of Vespasian 
is recorded in the inscriptions. 

79. Ex auctoritate | Imp. Caes. Vespasianz* | Aug., pontificis 
max., I trib. potest. V, cos. V, | desig. VI, p. p., | Cn. Pinarius 
Cornel. | Clemens, 2 leg. eius propr. | exercitus Germanici | Superi- 
oris, inter | Viennenses et Ceutronas | terminavit. 

Axima in Alpes Graiae. (C /. L. XII, 113.) 

Date, March -June, 74. 

The territory of the Viennenses, a people of the Allobroges in 
Gallia Narbonensis, seems to have extended to the boundaries of 
the Ceutrones, a people living in the Alpes Graiae. That Corne- 
lius Clemens, the legate of Germany, was appointed to settle the 
boundary between the two peoples, is explained by the fact that 
the territories of the two were in different provinces, necessitating 
the settlement of the dispute by an outsider, of higher rank than 
the governor of Gallia Narbonensis, a praetorian province. The 
legate of Germany, of consular rank, was the nearest official com- 
petent to act in the matter. 3 

80. Ex auct, Imp. | Vespasiani | Aug., p. p., fines \ ftrovmaae 
no|^ae et veter. de^cti qua fossa | afuit per Rutiliuw | (^allicum, 4 
cos., pont., I et Sentium Caecilzjanuw, 5 pnzetorew, | /egatos Aug. 
{Rev. Arch. XXIV (1894), p. 415, no. 65.) 

Hr. es Suar in Africa Proconsularis. 



1 Cf. no. 85. 

2 Cf. nos. 24, 34, 129. 

3 See especially Renier, Rev. Arch. XVI (1859), p. 353 ff. 

* For the life of C. Rutilius Gallicus, see Statius, Silvae, I, 4. He was born 
about 28 and died in 92 and was a lawyer by profession. He was twice con- 
sul, praetor urbanus, legate of Asia, and prefect of the city under Domitian. 
See also C. I. L. V, 6988-6990; VI, 1984; Juv. XIII, 157. 

5 Cf. no. 251. 



42 Boundary Settlements. 

8x. .Sex. Sentio | Caeciliano 4 , leg. | Aug. pro 

pr. | IIII. (C /. L. VIII, 10165.) 

Near Theveste in Numidia, on the road from Theveste to 
Thamugadi. l 

82. X aug imprini | __spasiano | Aug. p. p. fine | provinciale | 
nova reivet | derigit. 

Hr. Dermulia in Africa Procons. (C. I. L. VIII, 14882.) 

The inscription is very badly reported, but was probably simi- 
lar to no. 80. Mommsen 2 proposes to read as follows : 

Ex auct(oritate) Imp(eratoris) principe | Vespasiano | Aug., 
p. p., fines I provinciae et | novae et veteris | derecti 

83. Ti. C/audius , | C. Avillius Clemens, | L. Coelius 

Capella, P. | Raecius L,ibo, P. Valerius Secundus, iudices | dati 
a M. Pompeio Silva|no, 3 leg. Aug. pro pr., inter | rem p. Asseri- 
atium et rem p. Al|veritarum in re praesenti per | sententiann suam 
determinaj verunt. 

Asseria in Dalmatia. (C /. L. Ill, 9938.) 

The Asseriates and Alveritae were two peoples of Dalmatia 
whose dispute over boundaries was settled by five judges appointed 
by M. Pompeius Silvanus, the governor of the province. 4 The 
affair took place about the time of the elevation of Vespasian to 
the principate, or perhaps a little before. The Asseriates are iden- 
tified with the old town of Asseria, now Podgradje, but the Al- 
veritae have not been located with any certainty. 



1 This inscription should more properly come under the head, Roads and 
Bridges. 
1 C. I. L., I.e. 

3 M. Pompeius Silvanus was suffect consul in 45, procousul of Africa about 
58, legate of Dalmatia during 69-70, and one of the leaders under Antonius 
Primus in the invasion of Italy by the party of Vespasian. He was curator 
aquarutn in 71-73, and suffect consul for the second time soon afterwards. 
See nos. 244, 317 ; Tac. Ann. XIII, 52 ; H. II, 86; III, 50; IV, 47 ; Jos. An- 
tiq. XX, 1, 2, 14; Front. DeAq. 102. 

4 Cf. C. I. L. Ill, 2882, 2883. 



Epistles of the Emperor. 43 

EPISTLES OF THE EMPEROR. 

TO THE SABORENSIANS. 

84. Imp. Cae. Vespasianus Aug., pon|tifex maxitnus, tribu- 
niciae | potestatis Villi, imp. XIIX, consul | VIII, p. p., salutem 
dicit IHIviris et | decurionibus Saborensium. 

Cum multis difficultatibus infirmita|tem vestram premi indicetis, 
per|mitto vobis oppidum sub nomine meo ut | voltis in planum 
extruere. Vecti|galia quae ab divo Aug. accepisse dicijtis custo- 
dio. Si qua nova adicere vol|tis de his procos. adire debebitis; 
ego I enim nullo respondente constitu|ere nil possum. Decretum 
vestrum | accepi VIII Ka. August., legatos dimi|si IIII Ka. eas- 
dem. Valete. 

Ilviri C. Cornelius Severus et M. Septimi|us Severus publica 
pecunia in aere | inciderunt. 

Sabora in Baetica. (C. /. L. II, 1423.) 

Date, July 29, 77. x 

In this letter Vespasian grants to the Saborensians the right to 
remove their town from a hill to a better or more commodious site 
on the plain below. The location of Sabora is doubtful. It may- 
have been at Caiiete, where this tablet was found, or at Teba del 
Condado, a town not far distant, or somewhere between the two. 

The permission to build the town on the plain sub meo nomine 
undoubtedly implies that Sabora was a municipium Flavium, hav- 
ing obtained the ius Latii from Vespasian. 

The ' ' revenues received from Augustus ' ' were probably estab- 
lished by him in 27 B. C., 2 when he made the first settlement in 
regard to the division and form of his government, and at the 
same time, probably, regulated the affairs of the provinces. The 
statement of the method to be pursued should the Saborensians 
desire new revenues is interesting as showing something of the 
working system of provincial administration in its connection with 
the emperor. 

1 Erroneously given in C. I. Z,., /. c, and Egbert, Latin Inscriptions, p. 
392, as 78. 

2 Cf. no. 85 ; Mommsen, Staatsr. II, p. 1127, note 1. 



44 Epistles of the Emperor. 

TO THE VANACINIANS. 

85. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus ] magistratibus et 
senatoribus | Vanacinorum salutem dicit. 

Otacilium Sagittam, amicum et procu|ratorem nieum, ita vobis 
praefuisse | ut testimonium vestrum mereretur | delector. 

De controversia finium quam ha|betis cum Marianis pendeuti 
ex I is agris quos a procuratore meo, | Publilio Memoriale, emis- 
tis ut I fineret Claudius Clemens, 1 procu|rator meus, scripsi ei et 
mensorem | misi. 

Beneficia tributa vobis ab divo | Augusto post septimum con- 
sula|tum, 2 quae in tempora Galbae reti|nuistis, confirmo. 

Egerunt legati | Lasemo Lecani f., sacerd. Aug., | Kunus To- 
masi f., sacerd. Aug. 

C. Arruntio Catellio Celere, 3 M. | Arruntio Aquila 4 cos. , III 
Idus Octobr. 

Vanacini in Corsica. (C. /. L. X, 8038.) 

Date, October 12, 72 ? 5 

The Vanacini were located in northern Corsica, probably on the 
site of the modern Erbalunga. That the} 7, had a government, is 
shown by the form of address in this epistle, but Mommsen 6 
thinks that this was not of Roman or Latin form. 

The city of Mariana, with which the controversy over bound- 



1 Probably the Ti. Claudius Clemens of no. 89 ; also prefect of the fleet in 
Egypt in 86; cf. C. I. L. Ill, p. 856. 

2 27 B. C. Cf. no. 84; Mommseu, Staatsr. II, p. 1126 ff. 

3 Mentioned in the Acta Arvalium for the years 75, 80, 81, 90, 91, (nos. 
I 53» T 59. I 6o; C. I. L. VI, 2067, 2068, 2070, 2071); legate of Lusitania in 
77 (no. 202). His full name was L. Poinpeius Vopiscus C. Arruntius Catel- 
lius Celer. The year of his consulship, and hence the date of this epistle, 
is uncertain. It is generally held that it was in 72 (Borghesi, Oeuv. VII, 
p. 398; Henzen, Acta Frat. Arval. p. 195; vouRohdec, Prosopographia, 
III, p. 72, no. 501). Hiibner (C. I. L. II, 5264, note) suggests that, as he 
was governor of Lusitania in 77, the consulship may have been in 78 or 79, 
but this is not necessary ; cf. Mommsen, Staatsr., II p. 250, notei. 

* Cf. no. 252. 

5 See note 3. 

6 C. I. L. X, p. 840. 



Tiber Cippi. 45 

aries arose, was situated near by, on the eastern coast of Corsica, 
and was a Roman colony founded by and deriving its name from 
C. Marius. 1 

TIBER CIPPI. 

The regulation of the Tiber, to guard against floods at times of 
high water, was of the greatest importance to the city of Rome. 
This regulation was in charge of special curatores riparum et alvei 
Tiberis, who saw that the bed was kept free by dredging, and 
that the embankments and the mouths of the sewers were repaired 
when necessary. 2 It was probably on occasion of such repairs of 
the banks that the cippi were set up. Three of these of the time 
of Vespasian have been thus far discovered. 

86. Kx auctoritate | Imp. Caes. Vespasiani | Aug., p. m., tr. 
p. IIII, imp. X, p. p., I cos. IIII, desig. V, censor., | C. Calpe- 
tanus Rantius Quirinalis [ Valerius Festus, 3 curator riparum | et 
alvei Tiberis, terminavit. R. r. | prox. cipp. p. ClyXXIIII. 

Date, March-June, 73. (C. /. L. VI, 1238.) 

87. Ex auctoritate \ Imp. Caes. Vespasiani Aug. \ p. m., tr. 
p. IIII, imp. X, I p. p., cos. IIII, desig. V, censor., | __ Dillius 
Aponianus 4 , | curator riparum | et alvei Tiberis, | terminavit rip. 
Veient. | R. r. prox. cipp. p. CCCXXXVI. 

Date, March- June, 73. {Bull. Com. 1887, p. 15.) 

In the repairs of 73, Valerius Festus seems to have had charge 
of the Roman bank of the Tiber, and his colleague, Dillius Aponi- 
anus, of the ripa Veientana, mention of which occurs here for the 
first time. Ripa Veientana was the name assigned to the right 
bank of the Tiber below the ripa Farnesina. 



1 Pliny, N. H. Ill, \ 80; Seneca, Cons, ad Helv. 7, 9; Mela, II, 7, 122, etc. 

2 See Iyanciani, Ruins and Excavations, pp. 9-14; Middletou, Remains 
of Ancient Rome, I, p. 145 fF.; Mommsen, Staatsr. II, pp. 468, 994, 1046 f., 
1054. 

3 See no. 27. 

* Legate of the third Gallica in the army of Antonius Primus in 69 ; cf. Tac. 
H. Ill, 10, 11. 



46 Building Activity. 

88. Ex auctoritatc | /mp. Caesarz> | Vespasiani Aug.,/. | m., 
tr. p. VI, imp. XIV, p. p., | cos. V, desig. VI., cens., | Caecina 
Paetus, 1 I curator ripar. et ] alvei Tiberis, termin|«^it. Prox. 
cipp. p. C. 

Date, July -December, 74, (Epk. Ep. IV, 807.) 

BUILDING ACTIVITY. 

ROME. 

At the beginning of the Flavian period the city of Rome had 
not yet recovered from the great fire under Nero, and the lesser 
conflagration kindled by the Vitellians had added to the ruins. 
It was deformis incendiis ac minis? Vespasian immediately set 
about clearing away the ruins and restoring the temples and other 
buildings, as well as erecting new structures. Among the tem- 
ples thus restored, we know of those of Jupiter Capitolinus, 3 Ves- 
ta*, and Divus Claudius. 5 Vespasian also built the temples of 
Sacra Urbs 6 and of Peace. 7 

In relation to this building activity of the reigns of Vespasian 
and Titus we have the following inscriptions. 



1 His praenomen was Gaius, and he was suffect consul in November, 70 ; 
see nos. 175 and 241. 

2 Suet. Vesp. 8. 

5 Tac. H. IV, 53 ; Suet. Vesp. 8 ; Dio, LXVI, 10. Although we have no 
inscription from this temple, there is a record in the Acta Arvalium (no. 
159), of a meeting of the members of that college to offer their vows for the 
restoration and dedication of the temple by Titus, who was sole emperor 
at that time. Curiously enough, this meeting had to be held in the temple 
of Ops near by, since the Capitol had again burned ; cf. Suet. Dom. 5 ; Dio, 
LXVI, 24 ; Plut. Popl. 15. 

4 Bckhel, Doct. Num. VI, p. 332; Cohen, Vesp. 212-216; Tit. 121 f., 
291-297. 

5 Suet. Vesp. 9. 

6 No. 92. 

7 Suet. Vesp. 9. No inscription of this temple has been found, but no di- 
vinity was so frequently inserted by Vespasian on his coins as Pax. See 
Eckhel, VI, p. 334, and compare the dedications of the inscriptions, nos. 
174, 175, 201, 289. 



Building Activity. 47 

89. Pro salute | T. Caesaris Aug. f. | Imp. Vespasiani, | Ti. 
Claudius Clemens 1 1 fecit. | T. Naevius Diadumen., | cur. col(legii) 
subrutor(um) | cultor(um) Silvani 2 | p. s. r(efecit?). 

(C. /. L. VI, 940.) 

The collegium subrutorum is interpreted b) 7 Mommsen 3 as re- 
ferring to those whose work it was to dig out the ruins of build- 
ings destroyed by fire or some other cause. They must have been 
very busy at this time. 

There follows an inscription of a clerk of the marble works un- 
der Vespasian. 

90. Herculi Aug. sacr. | Ex viso | Primigenius | Imp. Cae- 
saris Vespasiani | Aug. (servus) Iuvencianus, tabular. | a niar- 
moribus. (C. /. L. VI, 301.) 

91. Imp. Caesari | Vespasiano Augusto, | pontifici maximo, | 
tribunic. potestate Villi, | imp. XVII/, 4 p. p.,"| cos. VIII, desig. 
Villi, censori, | conservatori caerimoniarum | publicarum et | res- 
titutori aedium sacrarum, | sodales Titi. 5 

Date, March -June, 78. (C. I. L. VI, 934.) 

92. Imp. Caes. Z^?spasian&s Aug., pon^. max., tribun. pot. 
VIII, 6 I imp. XVIII, p. p., censor, cos. VIII. 

Impp. Caess. .Severus et Antoninus Pii Augg. Felices restituere. 

Date, January -June, 77. (C. I. L. VI, 935.) 

This inscription was originally engraved on the epistyle of the 

northwest portico of the Templum Sacrae Urbis? which on the fall 

of the portico was broken. Two fragments have been found, from 

which the inscription is restored. The building seems to have 



1 See no. 85. 

2 A deity to whom many inscriptions are dedicated ; cf. no. 298. 

3 C. I. L. y I. c.\ note. 

4 XVII appears in all copies, but Vespasian had been hailed imperator 
XVIII previous to the date of this inscription ; cf. nos. 35, 51, 84, 135. 

5 For the sodales Titi, see Marquardt, Staatsver. Ill, pp. 446-447. 

6 Cf nos. 35 and 51. 

7 The name was probably not given until the restoration of Severus and 
Caracalla, after the fire of Commodus's reign. 



48 Building Activity. 

been intended to hold the archives and the records in connection 
with the restorations, surveys, etc., made during the censorship. 1 
It must also have contained the plan or Forma Urbis, according 
to the reconstruction in the reign of Vespasian. The reconstruc- 
tion of Severus and Caracalla was certainly affixed to its outside 
wall towards the Forum Pads. 

The building, which was turned into a church by Pope Felix 
IV in 526, is still well preserved, and most of the fragments of 
the last map are in existence in the Capitoline museum. There are, 
in the Vatican, manuscript copies of the missing portions. 2 

93. Ex auctoritate | Imp. Caesaris | T. Vespasiani Aug. | in 
loco qui I designatus erat per | Flavium Sabinum, 3 | operum pub- 
licorum | curatorera, templum | extruxserunt | negotiatores | fru- 
mentari. (C. I. L. VI, 814.) 

94. Imp. Caes. Vespasianus Aug., pont. max., tribun. pot. 
VIII, I imp. XVIII, p. p., censor, cos. VIII, refecit. 

Date, 77-78/ (C /. L. VI, 936.) 

This inscription was on a large marble slab, apparently a part 



1 Pliny, N. H. Ill, \ 66. 

2 For a general discussion of the Templum Sacrae Urbis, see Lanciani, 
Ruins and Excavations, pp. 94-98, 211-214; Middleton, Remains of Ancient 
Rome, II, p. 17. Middleton suggests that some of the existing parts of the 
marble plau may date from the time of Vespasian, basing his conjecture on 
the fact that the drawing on some fragments is more carefully executed 
than that on others, and that there are slight differences in the scale of var- 
ious parts. The conjecture has no real foundation. Just recently, a new 
fragment of the plan was found, and the erroneous statement became cur- 
rent that this was certainly part of the edition of Vespasian, but this error 
has since been corrected. The new fragment is of the same date as the 
others. Cf I^anciani, Bull. Com. 1901, p. 3 ff. 

3 Probably the nephew of Vespasian, though this is questioned by Des- 
sau, Prosopographia, II, p. 74, no. 232. He is certainly not to be identi- 
fied with T. Flavius Sabinus, consul in 69 and 72, as is done by the editors 
of the Corpus. For T. Flavins Sabinus, see nos. 152 and 169. For Flavius 
Sabinus, the nephew of Vespasian, cf. Suet. Dom. to, 12; Dio, LXV, 17; 
Juv. II, 33 ; Philost. Vita Apoll. Tyan. VII, 7. 

4 The supplement is somewhat arbitrary, but if it is correct the date is be- 
tween January 1st and July 1st, 77. Cf. nos. 84 and 92. 



Building Activity. 49 

of the facade of some temple. It looks somewhat as though it 
might be a fragment of no. 92, with the last line lost ; but this 
would necessitate the assumption that Marlianus, who copied no. 
92, very carelessly omitted the word refecit, and also that on the 
edifice as restored by Severus and Caracalla the person who had 
formerly restored it was commemorated, but not the original 
builder. It seems certain that this inscription refers to some un- 
known restoration made by Vespasian. 

95. Imp. C. Vespasianus, pontifex maximus, | tribuniciae 
potestaXis, imp. VII, pater patriae, | constituit, destinavit, facien- 
dum curavit. (C. I. L. VI, 939.) 

This inscription has been preserved in the Codex Vossianus, and 
is obviously incorrectly copied. Mommsen 1 suggests the follow- 
ing as very like the original. 

Imp. Caes. Vespasianus Aug., pont. max., | trib. potest. II, 
imp. VII, p. p., I cos. Ill, des. IIII, faciendum curavit. 

96. (on front) Iovi. 

(on back) Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug. | per collegi- 
um pontificum fecit. (C. I. L. VI, 369.) 
This inscription may have been on an altar erected to Jupiter. 

97. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug., pont. max., trib. potest. 
— , [ imp. X — ,P-P- censor, cos. — , desi^. — , restituit. 

Rome. (Bull. Com. 188 1, p. 9.) 

Date, 73-79. 

There is a number of fragments of inscriptions from the Flavian 
amphitheatre, 2 some of which, judging from the form of the letters, 
are probably as early as the reign of Titus ; but they are all very 
fragmentary and by no means certain in date. For a discussion 
of these fragments, see Ivanciani, Bull. Com. 1880, p. 211 ff. ; Hiil- 
sen, Bull. Com. 1894, p. 312 ff. 

In like manner, there are other inscriptions 3 that, simply from 

1 C. I. L. VI, 939. 

2 Suet. Tit. 7 ; Dio, LXVI, 25 ; Mart. Spec. 2. 

2 E. g.,C. I. L. VI, 470, — an inscription on an atrium of liberty. 



50 Building Activity. 

the form of the letters, might be assigned to this period, but the 
evidence for them is not strong enough to warrant their insertion 
in this collection. 

Mention is made of the thermae Titi l in an inscription dating 
from about the end of Hadrian's reign. 2 

In a copy of a military diploma issued by Domitian on Septem- 
ber 19, 82, the location of the original tablet is given as follows : 

98. Descriptum et recognitum ex tabula aenea | quae fixa est 
Romae in Capitolio in tribuna|li Caesarum Vespasiani, T., Do- 
mitiani. 

Debeletz in Moesia Inferior. (C. I. L. Ill, p. i960, 11. 30-32.) 

This is the only mention of any such tribunal. In two diplo- 
mas of the year 86, 3 appear the words ; in Capitolio post tropaea 
Germanici in tribunali quae sunt ad aedem fidei p. R.\ and in 
C. I. L. VI, 912, 1. 12, the words in tribu?iali marmoreo are to be 
referred to the same tribunal. Sometimes there are found tribu- 
nals, just as altars, erected to the dead 4 or to divinities 6 ; but this 
tribunal Vespasiani, T. , Domitiani, since it was dedicated at least 
as early as the beginning of Domitian' s reign, is certainly unique 
and unparalled. 6 

ITALY AND THE PROVINCES. 

That the building activity of Vespasian and Titus was not con- 
fined entirely to Rome is shown by the following inscriptions. 

99. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus | Aug., pontifex maximus, 
trib. I potestatis, 7 censor, aedem Victoriae |' vetustate dilapsam sua 
impensa | restituit. 

Date, 73-79. (C /. L. XIV, 3485.) 

1 Suet. Tit. 7 ; Dio, LXVI, 25 ; Mart. Spec. 2 ; Epigram. Ill, 20, 15 ; 36, 6. 

2 C I. L. VI, 9797. 

3 C. I. L. Ill, pp. 856-857. 

4 Cf. Tac. Ann. II, 83 ; C. I. L. IX, 1729. 

5 Cf. Orelli, 2062. 

6 Cf. Mommsen, C. I. L. Ill, p. 1961. 

7 The inscription does not give an exact enumeration of titles ; hence 
tribuniciae potestatis has not here its usual meaning of tribuniciae potes- 
tatis I. 



Building Activity. 51 

The inscription was found at Varia 1 in L,atium among the ruins 
of an ancient temple. This temple of Victory is usually identified 
with the fa?ium Vacunae of Horace, Ep. I, 10, 49 : Haec tibi dic- 
tabam post fanum putre Vacunae. The comment of the scholiast 
Porphyrio on this passage is : Vacuna i?i Sabinis dea, quae sub 
incerta specie estformata: hanc quidam Bellonam, alii Miner v am, 

alii Dianam Here the sentence breaks off. Ps-Acron fills 

it out : quidam Minervam, alii Dianam putaverunt, nomiulli eti- 
am Venerem esse dixerunt, sed Varro i?i primo rerum divinarum 
Victoriam ait, quod ea maxime hi gaudent qui sapientiae vacent. 2 
The place where the inscription was found and the description 
of the condition of the temple as given both in the inscription and 
by Horace substantiate the identification of the two. 

Dessau 3 has given the objections to this identification : (1) We 
are not certain that Vacuna was Victoria among the Romans. 
(2) Why should Vespasian change the name of the temple? 

However, as we have seen, there is some reason to believe that 
Vacwia was Victoria ; and Vespasian might naturally take the op- 
portunity afforded by his restoration of the temple to give it the 
more distinctively Roman name, even if the original name had 
not alread}^ been altered since the time of Horace. 



Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug., pontif. max., | trib. 
pot. VII, imp. XVII, p. p., cos. VII, design. VIII, | templum 
Matris Deum, terrae motu conlapsum, restituit. 

Herculaneum in Campania. (C. I. L. X, 1406.) 

Date, March -June, 76. 

The worship of Rhea — Mater Deum — was widespread among 
the Romans by the time of the empire. 4 The earthquake that 
destroyed her temple at Herculaneum was undoubtedly that in 

1 Cf. Hor. Ep. I, 14, 3. 

2 For Vacuna see Preller, Rom. Myth. I, p. 408 ff. 

3 C. I. L., I. c. 

* See Rosclier, Lexiko7i der griech. undrom. Myth. II, col. 2910 ff., and 
the inscriptions cited in the index of gods and goddesses in the various vol- 
umes of the Corpus. 



52 Building Activity. 

which Pompeii and Herculaneum were partially destroyed, placed 
by Tacitus 1 in the year 62, but dated by Seneca 3 February 5, 63. 

101. [AvTOKparayp] Tiros Katca [0 | Oeov Ovecnracriavov vlbs 0] vea- 
Tra<riav6<s ^efiacrTos, | [apxiepevs /xeyto-TO?, ^V^pxl LK ys e^owtas to t', | [av- 

TOKp(XT(Dp TO l€ f 7raT7)p TTdTplSJ OS, VTTaTOS TO 7] , TeL[X7)Tr)S, | [«V Nea 7ToAei 

&r)[Aapxrfcr<x<s } ay an/] oOtTrjcas to y', yv[xvao~iap)(rjo'as* | [i&7ro o*ao"/xwv 

cr] v/xiricrovTa a.7roKaTeo~Tr]o~€V. | 

7/ra^>. 75f/«j Caesar divi Vespasiam f. Vespasianus Aug., \poni. 

max., trib. pot. X, imp. XV? cos. VIII, censor, p. p., | 

terrae ra^tibus conlapsa restituit. 

Naples in Campania. (C. /. L. X, 148 1.) 

Date, July, 80- June, 81. 

The earthquake referred to is that of 79, at the time of the 
eruption of Vesuvius, when Herculaneum and Pompeii were de- 
stroyed. All Campania suffered from this earthquake. 5 

102. Vesp. Caes. Aug., pont. max, p. p., | hoc opus faciun- 
dum curavit. 

Forum Livii in Aemilia. (C /. L. XI, 598.) 

103. Divus Vespasianus | et divus Titus | f. c. 
Seleucia in Syria. (C /. L. Ill, 6702.) 

I©4" AvTOKpaTwp K-alaap $Aao \vt] os Oveo"7raai [avbs] | 2ey8ao"T|_o]s, 

to /SaXavetov KaTeo"K€vao"ev I \Jk] OefieX [t ] o>v o~vv tois iv 

avTto TrpovKoafXYiixacriv k<u Tat? | at]s [S]ta [2e]£[VJou Map/aov 

IIpetcrKOv 6 7rpea/3evTov j [avr] ov av [t] tor [to] a [T^y] ov [ck t] aiv oruv [ev€^-] 
OevTiov xprj/AaToyv [e] k | [koiv] ov Wvovs [Av/aW k] at rcov a7r6 tt/s IlaTa- 
pecov 7roXe[coJs | o"vi/TeA.eta)0"a [v] tos Kat dcfaepwa'avT [o] s tol eo[y]a. 

Patara in Lycia. (L,eBas, Voyage Arch. 1265.) 

1 ^4««. XV, 22. 

2 iW. £>«. VI, 1, 2. 

8 Cy. no. 146 ; but the imperatorship may have been XVI or XVII ; cf. nos. 
10 and in. 

4 Titles that Titus bore at Naples ; not repeated in the Latin portion of 
the inscription. Cf. C. I. L. X, 1481, note. 

5 Cf Pliny, Ep. VI, 16; 20; Suet. Tit. 8; Dio, LXVI, 21-23; Aur. Vict. 
Epit. 10. Statius, Silv. IV, 8, 4-5, thus addresses Naples : procerum tibi 
nobile vulgus crescit et insani solatur damna Vesevi. 

6 Cf. nos. 37, 261-263. 



Building Activity. 53 

105. MercMxxo Augusta. | Pro salute Imperatons Titi 

Caesaris j Aug templum a fundaments | maceriem. 

in circumitu et aedificis. 

Borussia Rhenana. (Brambach, C. I. Rhen. add. 2040.) 

The following inscription is derived from four fragments found 
at Carnuntum in Pannonia Superior. 

I©6. Imp. Vespasiano | Caes. Aug., p. m., imp. X, p. p., 
cos. IV, I desig. V, | T. Imp. Caes. Aug. i., imp. IV, cos. II, | 
desig. Ill, I Domitiano Caes. Aug. f. , cos. II, | C. Calpeta^s Ran- 
tio Quivinale | Valerio Festo, 1 leg. Aug. pr. pr., \ Q. ~Egnatio 
Oato? leg. leg. XV Apol, | leg. XVApol. 

Date, March -December, 73. (C I.L. Ill, 11194-11196.) 

This inscription was probably set up to commemorate the build- 
ing of the stationary camp at Carnuntum. Judging from the lo- 
cation of the fragments when found, it was inscribed at the sides 
of the porta decuma?ia. We know that the Pannonian camp was 
still at Poetovio in 69, 3 but that it was at Carnuntum when Pliny 
wrote his " Natural History, 4 " so it must have been moved dur- 
ing Vespasian's reign. The fifteenth Apollinaris was sent back 
to Pannonia from the East by Titus in 71, after the Jewish war. 5 

The following Greek inscriptions are from buildings dedicated 
to the emperor Titus. 

I©^. [AvTOKparopt] Tctw KatVapt 2je/?ao"Ta> Oveanracnavo) , vttoltw to 
e£, AvroKparopos Oeov Ove<r7ra<ria\vov ma> kol tw 8yfjno NeiKooTparos 
Avklov rov NeiKoarpaTOu vewrepos \rb d/x<£i] \6iarpov XcvkoXlOov e/c twv 
l8i<ov av£6r]K€v, to, TrpoorXuxpavra rov Zpyov TeXetwcravros NetKocrrpaJTOv rov 
K\,r)pov6[JLOV avrov' KaOupoicravros Map/<ou OvXirtov Tpa'iavov rov avOviraTov. 

I^aodicea in Phrygia. (Bockh, C. I. G. 3935.) 

Date, June 23 s -December 31, 79. 

1 See no. 27 and notes. 

2 Legate of the army in Africa in 76 ; Cf. nos. 139 and 140, also the frag- 
ment in C. I. L. VIII, 1851. 

3 Tac, H. Ill, 1. 

4 Pliny, N. H. IV, § 80. 

5 Jos. B. I. VII, 5, 3. 

6 Death of Vespasian ; cf. Suet. Vesp. 24. The date is given by some as 
June 24, following Dio, LXVI, 17; e.g., Dessau Prosopographia, II. p. 78. 



54 Building Activity. 

XOS. *H /3ov\rj kcu 6 Srj/ios \ ireifXYjcrav TaYtav | NetKoarpaVou rov | 
IleptKAeovs , viav | Typan'Sa, 8ta T€ t [as | t] oO 7rarpbs avrrjs | ap^as re Kat 
Aet [t] | oupytas kcu epy [e7rt] j o-racrtas , Kat Sta [to] |v irpoSetov avrrjs [Net-] 
Kocrrparov, o? [p,]e[ra, r] |a>v aAAoov a>v7ra[pecr] \\€v, lepdrevcrev [re] | t^s 
ttoAcws Kat [ave] j ^t^kcv to re <rra[Stov Kat r6] | afxefjiOiarpov [\evKo\i] I0ov 
Kat rot? 

I^aodicea in Phrygia. (Bockh, C. I. G. 3936.) 

Nicostratus erected both an amphitheatre and a stadium, the for- 
mer, at least, dedicated to Titus. The first inscription is especially- 
important, since it records the fact that M. Ulpius Traianus, father 
of the emperor Trajan, was proconsul of Asia in 79. 1 

109- [Avto] Kp&TOpi Ttro) Oeov OvecnracrLavov vlai KatVapt | [Oueo--] 
7rao"tava) 5e/3a(rra), ap^tepet p^ytaTO), Brjfxap)(LKrjs | [e|W] crtas to t, avro- 

Kp&TOpL TO U ', V7TaTO) TO 7} , TTClTpX 7TaTpi8o<5, \ T£lfJLr)Tr), | 67Tt TtTOV AvpyjXtOV 

[\Ao]utTou, 7rpecrf3zvTOv Kat avricrrpa [tt; j yo] v roO ^efiacrTOv, kcu Tatov 
Bt^vov Aovyov, l-rriTpoirov j [to9J %e.f3xcrTov, 'A7T£pAetT(ov /cat toji/ o"uv7ro- 
A.£trei;op,ei/<DV | 17 /3ov\rj Kat 6 Srjfxos to ftaXaveiov Kat to irpocrTOOv Kare- | 
<TK€ vacrev ck OefxeXiiov. 

Aperlae in L,ycia. (I^ebas, Voyage Arch. 1292.) 

Date, July, 80- June, 81. 2 



1 M. Ulpius Traianus was legate of the tenth Fretensis under Vespasian in 
the first years of the Jewish war. The legion was placed under Iyarcius 
Lepidus iu 70 (Jos. B. I. VI, 4, 3), and as Trajan is not mentioned during 
the latter part of the war, he probably accompanied Vespasian to Alexan- 
dria and thence to Rome. He was suffect consul in some year unknown 
(Henzen, Eph. Ep. I, p. i83, note 2, suggests the year 68; Waddiugton, Fas- 
tes des Provinces Asiatlques, no. ioo, the year 70 or 71), and governor of 
Syria in 76. Cf. nos. 257-259; C. I. L. VIII, 8316 ; Jos. B. I. Ill, 7, 31 ; 9, 
8 ; 10, 3 ; IV, 8, 1 ; Pliny, Pdneg. 9, 14, 16, 58, 89 ; Aur. Vict. Epit. 13 ; Eu- 
trop. VIII, 2 ; Kckhel, III, p. 282; VI, pp. 433~435- 

2 Probably So, since imperator XV is found with tribunician power IX, — 
nos. 112, 131, 132. 



Aqueducts. 55 

AQUEDUCTS. 

The water supply of Rome was another problem of importance 
with which both Vespasian and Titus dealt, as is witnessed by the 
inscriptions recording the restoration and repair of aqueducts by 
them. 

110. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus August., pontif. max., trib. 
pot. II, imp. VI, cos. Ill, desig. IIII, p. p., | aquas Curtiam et 
Caeruleam, perductas a divo Claudio et postea intermissas dilapsas- 
que | per annos novem, sua impensa urbi restituit. 

Date, March-June, 71. (C. /. L. VI, 1257.) 

111. Imp. T. Caesar divi f . Vespasianus Augustus, pontifex 
maximus, tribunic. | potestate X, imperator XVII, pater patriae, 
censor, cos. VIII, | aquas Curtiam et Caeruleam perductas a divo 
Claudio et postea | a divo Vespasiano, patre suo, urbi restitutas, 
cum a capite aquarum a solo vetustate dilapsae essent, nova for- 
ma reducendas sua impensa curavit. 

Date, July, 80-June, 81. 1 (C. /. L. VI, 1258.) 

These inscriptions were found at the Praenestine Gate — now the 
Porta Maggiore — where the Claudian aqueduct entered the city. 

The Claudian aqueduct, bringing in the water from the Cnrtian 
and Caerulean springs, was begun by Caligula in 38 and completed 
by Claudius in 52. 2 Nero extended it, after 59, to the Palatine 
by means of a branch, when he turned the temple of Claudius into 
a reservoir. 3 The aqueduct was forty-six miles long and carried 
an immense volume of water. Frontinus praises it very highly, 
calling it opus magniftcentissime consummatum? but there seems 
to be some ground for the opinion of Middleton 5 that it was not at 
first well built, since it required repairing by Vespasian less than 
twenty years after its completion, and again by Titus ten years 
later. However, the expression in the second inscription, cum a 

1 Probably 81, since tribunieian power X occurs even with imperator XV ; 
cf. no. 146. 

2 Front. De Aq. 13; Suet. Calig. 21; Claud. 20; C. I. L. VI, 1256. 
5 Front. De Aq. 76. 

4 De Aq. 13. 

5 Remains of Ancient Rome, II, p. 345. 



56 Aqueducts. 

capite aquarum a solo vetustate dilapsae essent, is certainly a con- 
ventional exaggeration, and the need of repairs at the beginning 
of Vespasian's reign would be sufficiently accounted for by the 
fact that the aqueduct had not been in use for nine years. Why 
it should have been thus abandoned three or four years after its 
extension by Nero is not known. At any rate the reconstruction 
by Titus put the aqueduct into such good condition as to win the 
praise of Frontinus twenty years later. 1 

112. Imp. Titus Caesar divi f. Vespasianus Aug., pontif. 
max., | tribuniciae potestat. IX, imp. XV, cens., cos. VII, desig. 
IIX, p. p., | rivom aquae Marciae vetustate dilapsum refecit, | et 
aquam quae in usu esse desierat reduxit. 

Date, July -December, 79. (C. I. L. VI, 1246.) 

The inscription was on the arch of the Marcian aqueduct over 
the via Tiburtina, which, after the building of the walls of Aure- 
lian, became part of the porta Tiburtina — now porta S. Lorenzo. 
Above it, on the arch, are inscriptions of restorations by Augustus 
and by Caracalla. 2 

This aqueduct was built by order of the senate in 144 B. C, un- 
der the direction of the praetor, Q. Marcius Rex, from whom it 
received its name. It brought water from springs about thirty-eight 
miles east of Rome. 3 It was repaired by Agrippa in 33 B. C. 4 and 
by Augustus in 5 B. C. Later restorations were made by Sep- 
timius Severus, Caracalla, Diocletian, and others. The aque- 
duct is still in use under the name Aqua Pia or Aqua Pia Marcia, 
from Pope Pius IX, who repaired it in 1870. 5 

1 For the Claudian aqueduct, see Frontinus, De Aq. 13 ff.; Lanciani, Ruins 
and Excavations, pp. 53-58; Middleton, Remains 0/ Ancient Rome, II, pp. 
344-346; Parker, Archaeology of Rome, pt. VIII, pp. 54-70, etc. 

2 C. I. L. VI, 1244, 1245. 

3 Front. De Aq. 7 ; Pliny, N. H. XXXI, \ 41. 

* Dio, XLIX, 42 ; Pliny, /. c. 

5 For the Marcian aqueduct, see Iyanciani, Ruins and Excavations, pp. 
49-51,58; Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, II, pp. 337-339 ; Parker, 
Archaeology of Rome, pt. VIII, pp.. 32-39, etc. 



Roads and Bridges. 57 

ROADS AND BRIDGES. 

Neither the roads of Italy nor those of the provinces were neg- 
lected during the principate of the Flavians. A considerable num- 
ber of inscriptions, principally on milestones, has been discovered, 
commemorating repairs, extensions, and the building of new roads. 

ROME. 

As has been already remarked, the city of Rome at the time of 
the accession of Vespasian was deformis veteris incendiis ac minis, 
as the result of the fires of Nero and Vitellius, and the general tu- 
mult and riot of a period of civil war. Naturally, the streets 
would be in particularly bad condition and would require the im- 
mediate attention that they received from Vespasian. 

113. Imp. Caesari | Vespasiano Aug., | pont. max., tr. pot. 
Ill, J imp. IIX, p. p., cos. Ill, des. IIII, | s. c, | quod vias ur- 
bis I neglegentia | superior, tempor. | corruptas in|pensa sua re- 
stituit. (C. /. L. VI, 931.) 

Date, July -December, 71. 

ITALY. 
Via Appia. 

114. I. I Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus Aug., | pontif. maxim., | 
trib. potestat. VII, | imp. XVII, p. p., censor, | cos. VII, design. 
VIII. (C /. L. X, 6812.) 

Date, March -June, 76. 

The cippus is now on the steps of the Capitoline, inscribed : 
S. P. Q. R. columnam milliariam primi ab urbe lapidis i?idicem 
ab Impp. Vespasiano et Nerva restitutam de minis suburbanis viae 
Appiae in Capitolium transiulit anno MDLXXXIV. 

115. VII. I Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus Aug., | pontif. max., | 
trib. potest. VII, | imp. XVII, p. p., censor, | cos. VII, design. 
VIII. (C. /. L. X, 6817.) 

Date, March -June, 76. 

The cippus on which is this inscription is likewise now on the 
steps of the Capitoline and is inscribed ; 6*. P. Q. R. cohimnam sep- 



58 Roads and Bridges. 

timiab urbe lapidis in Appia via indicem a March. Leonardo Bene- 
dicto Iustiniano dono datatn areae Capitolinae ornatui addixit anno 
ab urbe condita MMDCI. 

Each of the milestones also contains an inscription of a restora- 
tion by Nerva in 97. 

The celebrated Appian way, leading from Rome to Brundisium, 
was begun by Appius Claudius Caecus, the censor, in 312 B. C, 
and completed as far as Capua before the end of his censorship. 1 
The date of its extension to Beneventum and Brundisium is un- 
known. The inscriptions above are records of repairs made by 
Vespasian to the road near the city of Rome. 

Via Aurelia. 

ix6. Imp. Titus I Caesar | Vespasianus Aug., | pontifex | rnaxi- 
mus, tribunic. | potestate Villi, | imp. XIIII, p. p., cos. VII, | 
designatus VIII, | censor, fecit. 

Lorium in Etruria. (C /. L. VI, 942 = XI, 3734.) 

Date, July -December, 79. 

This inscription is on a large tablet of Albanian stone which 
was found about thirteen miles from Rome on the Aurelian way, 
where ancient Lorium was situated. It may refer to some repairs 
to the via Aurelia, but this is not certain. The via Aurelia led 
from Rome to Pisa and thence to the Maritime Alps. The date 
of its construction is unknown, but it was a well-known road in 
the time of Cicero. 2 

Via Cassia. 

1x7. Ti. Claudius | Caesar Aug. | fecit. 

Imp. Caesar Aug. | Vespasianus, | pontifex max., | tribunic. 
potestat. IX? I imp. XVIII, p. p., cos. | VIII, censor, restituit. 
Viterbium in Etruria. (C /. L. XI, 2999.) 

Date, 77. 



1 Livy, IX, 29, 6; Diod. XX, 36 ; Front. De Aq. 5, C.I. L. I, p. 287, no. 
XXVIII=XI, 1827, etc. 

2 Cf. Cic. Phil. XII, 9. 

3 Cf. no. 84 ; or tribuniciau power VIII — cf. no. 122. 



Roads and Bridges. 59 

This inscription was on a cippus near the bridge now called S. 
Nicolai, on the via Cassia. It may commemorate the building of 
this bridge by Claudius and its restoration by Vespasian. The 
via Cassia led from Rome to Arretium, Florence, and I^ucca. It 
was a frequented highway at least as early as Cicero's time. 1 

Via Flaminia. 

118. Imp. T. Caesar \ divi Vespas./". | Vespasianus Aug., \ 
pontif. max., tr. | pot. XIIII, 2 imp. XV, | cos. VIII, p. p., cen. | 
CXLII. {CI. L. IX, 5936.) 

Date, January -June, 80. Septempeda in Picenum. 

The via Flaminia was the great highway from Rome to Arimi- 
num. Septempeda was a small town on a branch of this road 
leading from Nuceria, in Umbria, to Ancona. The milestones 
of the branch were numbered from Rome. 

The Flaminian road was found of great importance on occasion 
of the invasion of Italy by the forces of Vespasian under Antonius 
Primus. 3 Vespasian added to its convenience by constructing a 
tunnel through the rock at Intercisa. 4 

Via Flavia. 

119. Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus Aug. , | pontif. max, trib. \ 
pot. X, imp. XVI III, I censor, cos. VIII, des. | Villi, | viam Fla- 
vian fecit.- (C. I. L. V, 7987.) 

Date, July -December, 78. Pola in Histria. 

120. Imp. Titus Caesar | Vespasianus Aug., | pont. max., 
tr. pot. IX, I imp. XIIII, p. p., cens., cos. VII, | viam F(laviam) 
f(ecit). I XII. (C. /. L. V, 7988.) 

Date, July -December, 79. Unknown, now at Venice. 

I I. Imp. T. Caesar \ Vespasianus | Aug., | pontif. max., 

trib. I pot. Villi, I zmp. XIIII, (C. /. L. V, 7986.) 

Date, July -December, 79. Near Pola in Histria. 

1 Cf. Cic. Phil. XII, 9. 

1 Stone-cutter's error for Villi. 

" Tac. H. Ill, 79, 82. 

4 Aur. Vict, Caes. 9, 8 ; Epit. 9, 10. 



60 Roads and Bridges. 

These inscriptions show that the via Flavia, which extended 
from Tergeste along the coast to Pola, was begun in the latter 
part of Vespasian's reign and completed by Titus. No. 120 was 
probably brought to Venice from the vicinity of Tergeste. Its 
presence at Venice could otherwise be explained only by the as- 
sumption that the road extended beyond Tergeste towards Alti- 
num and Patavium, and this is extremely unlikely. 

The milestones XXII and XXVIIII, 1 of which only the num- 
bers remain, were probably likewise set up by Vespasian or Titus- 

Via JLatina. 

IM. LXXV. 2 I Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus Aug., | pont. 
max., I tribunic. potest. VIII, | imp. XVIII, p. p., | censor, cos. 
VIII. {€. /. L. X, 6896.) 

Date, January -June, 77. Near Aquinum in Latium. 

123. {on one side) C. Calvisius C. f. | Sabinus, 3 cos., | imp. | 
XCVI. 

{on other side) XCV/. | Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus Aug., | pon- 
tif. max., I tribunic. potest. VIII, | imp. XVIII, p. p., | censor, 
cos. VIII. {C. /. L. X, 6901.) 

Date, January -June, 77. Near ad Flexum in Latium. 

1 24. Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus Aug., | pontii . max. , | tribu- 
nic. potestate VIII, | s 4 {C. I. L. X, 6894.) 

Date, January -June, 77. Near Fregellae in Latium. 

The via Latina, extending from Rome to Capua, was one of the 
oldest of the roads of Italy. We have no account of its construc- 
tion. Ad Flexum, near which was found the milestone contain- 
ing the second inscription above, was at the junction of a branch 
of the main road, running to Venafrum and Aesernia. The mile- 



1 C. I. L. V, 7984, 7985. 

2 The inscription given in C. I. L. X, 6895, is said to have been on the 
same cippus as this one ; if so, this should read LXXVZ/7. 

3 Probably the consul of 39 B. C. Cf. Suet. Aug. 30. 

* Perhaps a fragment of milestone LXX. Fregellae was sixty-nine miles 
from Rome. The fragment given in C. I. L. X, 6898, is probably likewise 
of Vespasian's reign. 



Roads and Bridges. 61 

stone was the first from Ad Flexum and the ninety-sixth from 
Rome. 

SARDINIA. 

125. Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus Aug., | pont. max., trib. \ 
pot., cos. II, imp. --, I desig. Ill, p. p., I tioSecundo \ pro cos. 

Date, January -June, 70. (C. I. L. X, 8005.) 

The milestone was found near the church of S. Maria de Flu- 
men Tepido a few miles from Sulci, on the road from Carales to 
Sulci. This road is not mentioned in the Itineraries, and nothing 
is known of the date of its construction. 

126. M. p. LV a Turn?. | /nip. Caesar Vespasianus Aug. , | 
porctefex maximus, trib. | pot. V, imp. XIII, p. p., cos. V, | desig. 
VI, censor, refecit | et restituit, | Sex. Subrio Dextro, proc. et \ 
praef. Sardiniae. (C /. L. X. 8023.) 

Date, March -June, 74. Macomer. 

127. M. p. LVl a Turre. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug. , | 
pontifex. maximus, trib. \pot. V, imp. XIII, p. p., cos. V, | desig. 
VI, censor, refecit | et restituit, [ Sex. Subrio Dextro, proc. et | 
praef. Sardiniae. (C /. L. X, 8024.) 

Date, March-June, 74. Macomer. 

The milestones were on the road from Carales to Turris, which 
was probably one of the oldest in Sardinia. The existing mile- 
stones begin with the reign of Nero. 1 I should identify Sex. Sub- 
rius Dexter with the Subrius Dexter mentioned by Tacitus 2 as a 
tribune of a praetorian cohort in 69. 

These inscriptions raise the question of the government of Sar- 
dinia and Corsica. Augustus in 27 B. C. assigned them as one 
province to the senate, 8 but in 6 B. C. the province was placed 
under procurators.* Nero again assigned it to the senate. 5 It is 

1 C. I. L. X, 8014. 

2 H. I, 31. 

3 Dio, UII, 12, 4. 

4 Dio, LV, 28, 1. 

5 Pausan. VII, 17, 3. 



62 Roads and Bridges. 

generally, and I think correctly, held that Vespasian again placed 
it under procurators. 1 The evidence for this consists in the in- 
scriptions on these milestones and the epistle of Vespasian to the 
Vanacinians. 2 Haverfield, 3 with others, holds that the province 
remained under proconsuls until after Commodus, and that the 
name of the procurator in the inscriptions above is a later addition. 
It is true that we know of a proconsul of Sardinia under Commo- 
dus, 4 and procurators later, 5 but this is of little weight, since the 
province may have become again proconsular between Vespasian 
and Commodus, and procuratorial later. The only other point 
which might seem to favor the view of Haverfield is found in the 
following fragment. 

X28. M. p. C | Imp. Caesar divi | Vespasianif. \ Titus \ 

Vespasianus | viam que | vetustafe | curante | 

proc. y. e. 

Sbrangatu. (Eph. Ep. VIII, 785.) 

The fragment is assigned by Tamponi 6 to Domitian, but Haver- 
field 7 shows that the partial restoration as here given is more prob- 
ably correct. If the fragment is correctly reported, the v. e. may 
be a later addition, since the title is not found until much later 
than the time of Vespasian. 8 It is certainly not permissible, how- 
ever, to argue from this slight basis that the name of the procura- 
tor in the two previous inscriptions is a later addition, that the 
reference to the procurators in the epistle to the Vanacinians is of 
no value, and that the province of Sardinia and Corsica remained 
under the control of the senate during Vespasian's reign. The 



1 Cf. Marquardt, Staatsver. I, p. 249 ; Liebenam, Verwaltungsgeschichte ; 
p. 355 ; Schiller, iu Midler'' s Handbuch, IV, p. 660 ; etc. 

2 No. 85. 

3 Classical Review, III (1889), pp. 233, 234. 
* C. I. L. VI, 1503. 

5 C. I. L. X, 7946, 7996, etc. 

6 Notizie degli Scavi, 1888, p. 547, no. 19. 

7 Classical Review, III (1889), p. 233. 

8 Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsgeschichte, p. 273. 



Roads and Bridges. 63 

province was ruled by a proconsul in 70, * but must have been 
placed under procurators soon afterwards. 

GKRMANIA SUPERIOR. 

129. Caesar no | cos | Cn. Corn 

te I leg I iter de ntorate | inp | a 

Argentoratum. (Brambach, C. I. Rhen. 1955.) 

The milestone was undoubtedly set up in 74, while Cn. Pinarius 
Cornelius Clemens was legate of Germany. 2 

BAETICA. 

130. Imp. Caesar Vespas|iaiius Aug., pontif. | max., trib. 
pot. X, imp. I XX, cos. IX, p. p., censor, j viam Aug. ab Iauo | 
ad Oceanum refe|cit, pontes fecit, | veteres restituit. 

Near La Carolina. (C. I. L. II, 4697.) 

Date, January i-June 23, 79. 

The road called the via Augusta, extending from Janus — the 
arch at the Baetis river, where at that time the province of Baetica 
began 3 — through Corduba, Astigis, and Hispalis to Gades, was 
the imperial highway of Spain, and the main line for the Italian- 
Spanish land traffic, as well as for the internal trade of the Span- 
ish provinces. 

The main road, from the memorial of Pompey erected on the 
summit of the Pyrenees, was begun by Caesar 4 and completed by 
Augustus, 5 in whose honor it was named. It was afterwards 
'completed' successively by Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Ne- 
ro ; 6 restored by Vespasian, then by Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, 
Caracalla, Maximinus and Maximus, Aurelian, Constantine and 
Constantius, and Valentinian. 7 Neither the exact location of the 

1 Cf. no. 125. 

2 Cf nos. 24, 34, 79. 

3 C. I. L. II, 4721. 

4 Strabo, III, 4, 9, 

5 Cf. C. I. L. II, 4701-471 1. 

6 Cf. C. I. L. II, 4712-4720, 4734, 6208. 

7 Cf. C. I. L. II, 4699, 4700, 4721-4725, 4729-4733- 



64 Roads and Bridges. 

arch of Janus, nor the exact course of the road is known. The 
stone of which the inscription is given above probably stood on a 
bridge. 

GAUvAECIA-ASTURIA . 

131. /mp. Tito Caesare | divi Vespasiani f. | Vespasiano 
Aug., I pont. max., trib. pot. | Villi, imp. XV, p. p., cos. | VIII, 
Caes. divi Ves|pasian. f. Domitiano, | cos. VII, via nova, | G. 
Calpetano Rantio | Quirinale Valerio | Festo, 1 leg. Aug. propr., 
a Brac(ara) m. p. XIX. (C /. L. II, 4803=^. E. VIII, 228.) 

Date, January -June, 80. Iyagedos. 

132. Imp. Tito Caesare divi | Vesp. f. Vespasiano Aug., | 
pont. max., trib. pot. IX, | imp. XV, p. p., cos. VIII, | Caesare 
divi Vesp. f. | Domitiano, cos. VII, | C. Calpetano Rantio | Quiri- 
nale Valerio | Festo, leg. Aug. pro pr., | via nova a Brac(ara) | m. 
p. XXXIIII. (C. /. L. II, 4838=^. Ep., VIII, 236.) 

Date, January -June, 80. Portella do Homem. 

133. /mp. Tito Caesar*? divi | Vesp. fil. Vespasiano | Aug., 
pont. max., trib. | pot. VIII/, imp. XVI, p. p., | cos. VIII, | 
Caes. divi Vespasian'/". | Domitiano, cos. VII, | via nova a Brae. 
Ast\\x\eam, | C. Calp. Rantio Quirinale \ Valerio Festo, leg. Aug. 
propr 2 (C /. L. II, 4854.) 

Date, January -June, 80. Near Puente Navea. 

134. Imp. Tito Caesare divi \ Vesp. fil. Vespasiano | Aug., 
pont. max., trib. | pot. Villi, imp. XVI, p. p., | cos. VIII, | 
Caes. divi Vespasiani f . | Domitiano , cos. VII, \ via nova a Brae. 
Asturicaw, | C. Calp. Rantio Quirinale \ Valerio Festo, leg. Aug. 
propr 2 (C 1. L. II, 6224.) 

Date, January -June, 80. Puente Navea. 

135. Imp. Caes. Vesp. Aug., | pont. max., trib. pot. | IX, 



1 See no. 27. 

2 I have emended a little from the reported reading by comparison with 
nos. 131 and 132. Nos. 133 and 134, reported by different men, may be 
identical. 



Roads and Bridges. 65 

imp. XIIX, p. p., cos. VIII, I opus amp. v. d. d. 1 | a Bracara 
Aug. I m. p. XXVII. (C. /. L. II, 4814.) 

Date, July, 77 -June, 78. S. Joao. 

136. cos. VII, I C. Calpetano Rantio | Quirinale 

Valerio Festo, | leg. Aug. pro pr. , via | nova m. p. XVIII. 

Near Chorense. (C. /. L. II, 4802.) 

137. C. Calpetano Rantio | Quirinale Valerio \ 

Festo, leg. Aug. pro pr., | a Bracara | m. p. XIII. 

Near Santiago de Vilella. (Eph. Ep. VIII, p. 468, no. 224. ) 2 

There are two other fragments of milestones of this road of the 
same period. 3 

This road was constructed during the reign of Titus under the 
direction of Valerius Festus, the governor of Spain. It ran from 
Bracara to Asturica and was the third road between these cities. 

TARRACONBNSIS. 

138. Imp. Caes. Vesp. Aug., pont. | max., trib. pot. X, imp. 
XX, p. p., cos. IX, I Imp. T. Vesp. Caes. Aug. f., pont., trib. | 

pot. VIII, imp. XIIII, cos. VI/, 4 | | 

, 5 I C. Calpetano Rantio Quirinali | Val. Festo, 6 



1 This line is certainly interpolated. The whole inscription may be badly 
reported, and very probably was similar to nos. 131-134. If not, this is the 
only milestone of this road dating from the reign of Vespasian that has been 
discovered. 

2 Perhaps — C. I. L. II, 4798 or 4799. 

3 C I. L. II, 4799, 4847. 

4 The consulship of Titus must have been VII, not VI, to agree with the 
consulship of Vespasian. The suggestion of Hiibner (C. I. L. II, 2477), 
that the VI is to be accounted for on the assumption that the inscription 
was set up very early in the year, so that, while the fact that Vespasian was 
to be one of the consuls for the year 79 was known to the Spanish cities, the 
name of his colleague was not yet known, is very improbable, to say the 
least. Both Vespasian and Titus were probably designated consuls for the 
year 79 in March of the preceding year. 

5 Domitian's name and titles have been removed, Probably in this opera- 
tion the last stroke in the number of the consulship of Titus was obliterated. 

6 See no. 27. 



66 Roads and Bridges. 

leg. Aug. pr. pr., | D. Cornelio Maeciano, 1 leg. Aug., | L,. Arrun- 
tio Maximo, 2 proc. Aug., | leg(ione) VII Gem. Fel., | civitates 
X, Aquiflavienses, Aobrigens., 3 | Bibali, Coelerni, Bquaesi, | In- 
teramici, Limici, Aebisoc., 4 | Quarquerni, Tamagani. 

Date, January i-June 23, 79. (C. /. L. II, 2477.) 

This inscription was found at Aquae Flaviae — a town that 
probably received its name and the ius Latii from Vespasian — 
near the bridge over the Tamega river. Its location points to the 
conclusion that it commemorates a bridge built by these ten cities 
together, like the bridge built by the eleven Lusitanian cities dur- 
ing Trajan's reign. 5 We have, however, another inscription of a 
bridge built by the people of Aquae Flaviae during the reign of 
Trajan. 6 On this account, Hubner 7 thinks that the inscription 
refers to some other work done in common by the ten cities. 
Wilmanns 8 would refer the inscription to the building of some 
bridge, since it is doubtful whether an} 7 other work is known to 
which different towns contributed. While too much force should 
not be given to the argument of Wilmanns, I would suggest that 
a bridge was built over the Tamega by these cities together, and 



1 Legate of the seventh legion, named below, Some have supposed that 
lines ten and eleven were interchanged by the stone-cutter, but the supposi- 
tion is neither necessary nor probable. 

2 Procurator of Gallaecia and Asturia. This is perhaps the earliest oc- 
currence of this office. Cf. Henzen, 5212. 

3 Probably the inhabitants of the Abobrica mentioned in Pliny, N. H. IV, 
$ 112. The correct form may be Avobriga, which occurs in C. I. L. II, 4247. 

4 Figueiredo, a Portugese scholar, conjectures that this name was written 
NBBISOC — with the N and B linked,— a name derived from the river Nebis. 
It is a strong point in favor of this conjecture that as the list stands this 
name is the only one not in alphabetical order, and that the change sug- 
gested would place it in the correct position alphabetically. Cf. Hubner, 
C. I. L. II, 5616. For the other peoples, see the geographical index to 
C. I. L. II, and Guera, Rivista Arch. II (1888), p. 81 ff. 

5 C. I. L. II, 759- 

6 C. I. L. II, 2478. 

7 C. I. L. II, 2477, note. 

8 Ex I. L. 803, note 6. 



Roads and Bridges. 67 

that later this was replaced by a more substantial structure, built 
by the citizens of Aquae Flaviae alone, without the assistance of 
the neighboring cities that had contributed to the building of the 
first bridge. The wording of the other inscription supports this 
conjecture, — Aquiflavienses pontem lapidezim de suo. 

If this inscription is dedicatory, 1 the names of Vespasian and 
his sons are in the dative, the names of the other officials in the 
ablative. If it is not dedicatory, the names of Vespasian and his 
sons are also in the ablative. The name of the legion might be 
considered as nominative, thus assuming that the work was done 
by the seventh legion together with the ten towns, but this is not 
likely. 

PROVINCES IN AFRICA. 

139. /mp. T. Caesare Ves|pasia«0 Aug. f., | 

imp. X, p0«t., irib. |/ot. V, cos. V, 2 1 Caesars Aug./. Domi|tiano, 
cos. IIII, I /eg(io) ///Aug., | Q. ~Egnatio Cato, 3 | leg. Aug. pro 
pr. I XX (C /. L. VIII, 10119.) 

Date, Jan. -June, 76. Near Duvivier in Numidia Procons. 
This inscription was on a milestone of the road leading from 
Theveste to Hippo Regius. 

140. Imp. Caesar. Vespasiano Aug., pont. max., | trib. pot. 

VII, imp. XVII, cos. VII, qui | primes tionem | flum — 

v aperuit, | Imp. T. Caesare Vespaszano Aug. f., | imp. 

XI, pontif., tr. pot. V, cos. V, | Caesar. Aug. f. Domitiantf, cos. 
IIII, pontif., I Q. Kgnatio Cato, 3 leg. Aug. pr. pr., | leg(io) III 
Aug. (C. /. L. VIII, 10116.) 

Date, January -June, 76. Hr. Smala in Africa Procons. 

The inscription refers to the erection of a bridge on the road 



1 As is the case with the inscriptions of both the bridges of Trajan's time, 
referred to above, p. 66, notes 5 and 6. 

2 Wilmanns {C. I. L. VIII, 10119) gives the consulship of Titus as ////, 
thus throwing the date of the inscription in the latter half of 75, but this is 
unlikely. Doraitian's fourth consulship was probably in 76 ; cf. nos. 29, 140. 

3 Cf. no. 106. 



68 Roads and Bridges. 

from Carthage to Hippo Regius. This bridge was rebuilt by- 
Trajan in 112. 1 



Ex auctoritate \ Imp. T. Caesar is \ divi Vespa.sia.ni/. \ 
Vespasian* Aug. , pon£ | max., trib. ^ot. Villi, | imp. XV, cos. 
VIII t cens. , | Cn. Pinarz'<? Aemilio \ Cicatricula, 2 leg. Aug. pr. 
pr. | IX. {Rev. Arch. XXXII (1898), p. 461, no. 41.) 

Date, January -June, 80. Henschir Zaieta. 

ASIA MINOR. 

Vespasian and Titus gave special attention to the building and 
repairing of the roads of Asia. There is a number of inscrip- 
tions from Asia Minor, Bithynia, and other Asiatic provinces, re- 
ferring to such work during their reigns. 

142. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus | Aug., pontif. max., trib. | 
pot. VI, imp. XIII, cos. VI, | desig. VII, censor, vias | facien- 
das curavit. 

AvTOKpdrwp Kataap Ov | eo*7rao"iai/os ^€J3aa- | tos, dp^tcpevs //.cyicrros, | 
Srjjxap^LKrjs e^ovcrias to e£, | avTOKparaip to ty, Trarrjp | 7ra,Tpt8os, V7raros 
to l£, I aTroSeSety/xej/os to £', \ T€LfjLr)Trj<s , Tas 68ovs [ €7TOLr)o~€v. 

Thyatira. (C. /. L. Ill, 470.) 

Date, March-June, 75. 

143. Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug., | pontif. max., trib. 
potes. VI, j imp. XIII, p. p., cos. VI, des. VII, | censor, vias 
reficien|das curavit. 

AvTOKparayp KaTcrap Ove | o-7racrtavos Se/Saaros, ap | ^tepcus p,€y«rros ? 
hrjp. I dp^i/d^s i£ovo~ia<s to Z£, | avTOKpaToop to ty viraT | os to I£, d7roSe8eiy- 
p,e I vos to £', TeifirjTrjs, Ta | s 6Sovs €7reo-K€vao"ev. 

Near Smyrna. (C. /. L. Ill, 7203.) 

Date, March -June, 75. 

144. I censor, vias rejicien\das curavit. 

[AvTO/cpaT(op Kato*a]p | [Oueo-7rao-iavos SeySacrTo] s, | [dp^tepevs p,cyto"- 



1 C. I. L. VIII, 10117. 

2 Legate of Numidia ; cf. no. 37. 



Roads and Bridges. 69 

to]s, I [SrjixapxiKrjs i£ovo~ia<s to] *i, I [avTOKpaTwp to 6y',j V7ra| [ros to e| ? 
cbroSeSeiy] | [xevos to £, TtifArjTijs, | ras 68ovs C7T€(TK€ija(Tev. 

Near Smyrna. (C /. Z. Ill, 7204.) 

Date, March -June, 75. 

BITHYNIA. 

145. Imp. Caesar Vespasia|nus Aug., pontif. max., trib. 
pot. I Villi, imp. XIIX, p. p., cos. IIX, desig. Villi, | Imp. 
T. Caesar Aug. f., cos. VI, desig. V/7, | Domitianus Caesar Aug. 
f. , I cos. V, desig. VI, vias | a novo munierunt | per L,. Antonium 
Nasonem, 1 | proc. eorum. (C /. L. Ill, 6993.) 

Date, March -June, 78. Prusa. 

GAL ATI A. 

146. Tmp. T. Caesar divi Ves|pasiani f. Aug., pont. max., | 
trib. potest. X, imp. XV, cos. | VI/Z, censor, p. p., et | Caes. divi 
f. Domitianus, cos. VII, princ. iuventutis, | per \ A. Caesennium 

Gal/um, 2 I leg. pro pr., vias provinci|arum G^l^tiae, Cappad^|ciae, 
Ponti, Pisidiae, Pa|phlagoniae, Lycaoniae, | Armeniae Minoris | 
straverunt. | LXXI. (C /. L. Ill, 318.) 

Date, July, 80- June, 81. 3 Mulk. 

This inscription was on a milestone of the road from Ancyra to 
Dorylaeum. There are two other milestones of this road, 4 of the 
date 82, which show that A. Caesennius Gallus still held his office 
at that time. 

ARMENIA MINOR. 

147. Imp. Vespasiano | Caesare | imp. XIII, cos.. 

oi VII, I Imp. Tito Caesare, cos. V, | Cn. Pompeius, 5 cos. II | 

propr III I T. 

Arauraca. (C. /. L. Ill, 306.) 

1 Mentioned in Tac. H. I, 20, as a tribune of praetorians, dismissed by 
Galba. Cf. also Kckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. II, p. 404. 

2 Cf. no. 270. 

3 Probably 80, since imperator XV is found with tribunician power IX ; 
cf. no. 112. 

4 C. I. L. Ill, 312; Rev. Arch. XXXV (1899), p. 505, no. 185. 

5 Cn. Pompeius Collega, as shown by no. 267 and by coins of Ancyra. In 
70, while in command of a legion, he suppressed a tumult at Antioch ; cf. Jos. 
B. I. VII, 3, 4. 



70 , Roads and Bridges. 

The inscription is from a milestone, and is very badly reported. 
Mommsen 1 suggests that the third and fourth lines may have 
read : imp. XIII, cos. VI, des. VII, | Imp. Tito Caesare, cos. IV, 
des. V. The inscription would then date in 75, after March 1st. 

CYPRUS. 

148. Imp. I T. Caesar divi f. Vespasianus \ Aug.,pont. max., 
tr. pot. Villi, I cos. VIZ, des. VIII, imp. XIIII, | vias novas fe- 
cit I per L. Plotium 2 P | XVIII. 

Hagios Theodorus. (C I. L. Ill, 6732.) 

Date, July - December, 79. 

This inscription was on a milestone eighteen miles from Sala- 
mis. The restoration, which is approximately that of Mommsen, 3 
is very probably correct. 

MOBSIA. 

149. Imp. Caesars | Vespasian^ | Aug., pont. max., \ Xx\b. 

pot , cos ,p. p., cen\sor., I — v I 

Iul I c I leg. VII Cl.p.f. 

Moesia Inferior. {Rev. Arch. XXVII (1895), p. 382. 

The inscription probably records the construction of some road 



or bridge. 



DALMATIA. 



150. I ae I _-p. Vespa — | sap 

Bribir in Dalmatia. (C I. L. Ill, 10179.) 

This fragment, judging from the location and appearance, is 

probably from a milestone of Vespasian's time of the road from 

Salonae to Iader. 



1 C. I- L., I. c, note. 

2 This L. Plotius, probably proconsul of Cyprus, is otherwise unknown. 

3 C.I. L.,lc. 



Collegia. 71 

COLLEGIA. 

FRATRES ARVAI.ES. 

The Fratres Arvales, a collegium of extreme antiquity, probably 
revived by Augustus, have played an important part in extending 
our knowledge of the history of the first three centuries of the em- 
pire, because of the large number of stone tablets, containing in- 
scriptions of their meetings, known as the acta Arvalium, that 
have been discovered at Rome. These inscriptions range in date 
from 14 to 241. They not only furnish us a clear idea of the of- 
ficers and ceremonies of the college, but are also of the greatest 
value in supplying the means of fixing many important dates that 
could not otherwise be accurately known. 1 

The acta that have been found for Vespasian's reign are very 
fragmentary, with the exception of those for the year 78. The 
acta for the reign of Titus are more nearly complete. 

151. \magisterio firomag. Q. Tillio 

Sassio 2 collegi fratrum \ Arvalhtm nomine zmmolavit in Capitolio 
ob diem quo urbem in\gressus est Imperator Caesar Vespasianus 
Aug., Iovi \>o\em m.,.\ Iunoni vaccam, Minervae vacc, Fortunae 
reduci vaccam. \ In collegio adfuerunt Q. Tillius Sassius, C. L,ici- 
nius Mucianus? 

Date, 70. (C /. L. VI, 2052.) 

This fragment commemorates sacrifices on the occasion of Ves- 
pasian's entrance into the city, among them one Fortunae redu- 
ci? to Fortune who brings back Vespasian in safety to the city. 

Unfortunately, there is no means of determining the precise date 
of this meeting of the college. 



1 For a complete discussion of the Fratres Arvales see Henzen, Acta Fra- 
trum Arvalium; Marini, Atti e Monumenti dei Fratelli Arvali; Marquardt, 
Staatsver. Ill, pp. 447-462 ; etc. 

2 Cf. no. 274 ; frequently mentioned in the acta of 63-91, in which latter 
year he died ; cf. nos. 152, 155, 159, 160; C. I. L. VI, 2043, 2044, 2046, 2051, 
2060, 2064-2068. 

3 The supplement is probable, though not certain. For Mucianus cf. no. 5. 

4 Cf. nos. 171 and 172. 



72 Collegia. 

152. I In collegio adfuerunt | Ti. 

Iulius Candidus Marius Celsus. 1 

Isdem cos Idus lanuar. 2 | in aede Concordiae magisterio 

M. Trebellii Maxirni? promag. L. | MaeczV? Postumo? adstantibus 

fralribus Arvalibus | C. Vipstano Aproniano, 6 

collegi fratrum Arvalium nomi\ne sacrificium deae Diae in- 

d ictum praeunte C. Vipstano Aproni\ano [?] in diem VI K.. Iun. 
domi, IIII K. Iunias | in lua? et domi, III K. Amias domi. | In 

collegio adfuerunt C. Vipstanw^ Apronianus, | L. 

Maecz^.? Postumus, Q. Tillies Sassius, A. Iuli\us Quadra- 

tus, 6 

1 Probably a son of the Marius Celsus who was consul in 69 (Tac. H. I, 
71 ; II, 60, et passim), adopted into the Julian gens. He was consul in 86 
( C. I. L. Ill, p. 857) and again in 105 ( C. I L. V, 875 ; VI, 156, 2075 , Spart. 
Hadr. 3), and was legate of Galatia and the neighboring provinces in some 
year unknown (C. I. L. Ill, 250). He is mentioned in the acta for the years 
72, 75, 80, 81, 87, 89, 101, 105, (nos. 152, 153, 159, 160; C. I. L. VI, 2065, 2066, 
2071, 2074, 2075). 

2 For the dates of the sacrifices to Dea Dia and a general discussion, see 
Henzen, Acta Fratrum Arvalium, pp. 3-48. 

3 Suffect consul with L. Annaeus Seneca about 56, legate of Britain 63-69. 
Cf. Tac. Ann. XIV, 46; H. I, 60; Agric. 16; Jos. Antiq. XIX, 2, 3; Gaius, 
II, 253 ; Digest. XXXVI, 1 ; Justinian, Inst. II, 23, 4 ; Sogliano, Rendiconti 
delV Accad. di Archeol. di Napoli, 1891, p. 52 ; Momtnsen, Hermes, XII 
(1877), p. 128. 

4 Suffect consul with Vicirius Martialis under Trajan (C. I. L. II, 2344, 
where his nomen is given as Marcius ; VI, 2018). He is mentioned frequent- 
ly in the acta between 69 and 105 ; cf. nos. 153, 155 ; C. I. L. VI, 2051, 2064- 
2068, 2070, 2074, 2075. 

5 Consul in 59 and proconsul of Africa in 69 ; cf. Tac. Ann. XIV, 1 ; H. 
I, 76; Pliny, N. H. II, g 180 ; VII, $84; C. I. L. X, 1504; tabula cerata 
Pompeiana, in dePetra, no. 124. Perhaps mentioned also in C. I. L. VI, 
29015 ; IX, 4898. His name occurs frequently in the acta for the years 57-86. 
He died in 86. Cf nos. 155, 156, 159; C. I. L. VI, 2039-2045, 2064- 

6 C. Antius A. Iulius Quadratus, suffect consul in July, 93, ordinary con- 
sul in 105 with Ti. Iulius Candidus Marius Celsus, legate of Pontus and B. 
thynia, of Cappadocia, of Lycia and Pamphylia, of Syria, proconsul of Crete 
and Cyrene, proconsul of Asia ; cf.C.I.L. Ill, 7086 ; ib. p. 859 ; XIV, 4057 ; 
VI, 20650 [?] ; Bockh, C. I. G. 3532, 3548, 3549, 4238 b; Kaibel, Inscr. SiciL 
Ital. 408; four, of Hellenic Studies, X (1889), p. 74 no. 26; Frankel, In- 
schriften von Pergamon, p. 300 ff., nos. 290, 436-451, 554 ; Spart. Hadr. 3. 
His name occurs in the acta during the years 72-105 ; cf no. 155 ; C. I. L. 
VI, 2064-2066, 2071, 2075. 



Collegia. 73 

Imp. Caesare Vespasiano Aug. /Ill, Tito Caesare Imp. II cos. , | 

Maias, | piaculum factum in luco deae Diae ob arborem 

qua^ I a tempestate decider at ^ per calatorem et publicos. 

C. Licinio Muciano 2 III, T. Flavio Sabino 3 II cos., | IIII K. 
Iunias, | magisterio M. Trebellii Maximi, promagistro I,. Mae|cio 
P^/umo, co/legi fratrum Arvalium nomine \ ad aram imm^/avit 
deae Diae porcas piacula\res If deind^ z'accam, mde in aede in \fo- 
co sacriticio facto immolavit deae Diae \ agnam opimam, quo per- 
fecto sacriftcio \ e carceribus rzVmiatus, coronatus signum \ quadrigis 

et desultori^.? misit. \ In ^ollegio adfuerunt | C. Vip- 

stanus Apronianus, | A. Iulius Quadratus, 

Date, 72. (C /. L. VI, 2053.) 

153. Imp. Caesare F^spasiano Aug. VI, | Tito Caesar*? /mp. 
IIII a?s., I III N<?;z. lanuaxias, \ magister, Ti. lulizts Candidus 
Marius Celsus college | /ratrum Arv at. nom. vota ^micupave- 
runt pro salute | Imp. Fespasiani Caesam Augusli, p. m. } tribu- 
nic. potestafe, et | Titi Caesaris Aug. f. Vespasiani Imp. Victi- 
mis immo]atis \ in Capitolio quae su-perioris anni magister voverat \ 

persolvit, et in proximum annum nuncupavit | 

Isdem cos. Idus lanuarias, in aede Concordiae adstantibus 



1 Such expiatory sacrifices because of the fall of a tree, or the breaking off 
of a limb in the sacred grove of Dea Dia were frequent ; cf. Henzen, Acta 
Frat. Arv. p. 136 ff. 

2 Cf. no. 5. 

3 Consul for the first time in 69 (C. I. L. VI, 2051). When consul-elect 
for the first time, he was sent by Otho against the Vitellians (Tac. H. II, 36). 
This T. Flavius Sabinus must not be confounded with Flavius Sabinus, the 
brother of Vespasian, as is done by Bury, Student's Roman Empire, p. 336, 
and others. The praenomen of Vespasian's brother was probably not Titus, 
since this was Vespasian's own praenomen (but see Cagnat, Cours d' Epig. 
latine' A , pp. 65 and 67). Moreover, we learn from Tacitus that T. Flavius 
Sabinus, the consul and general in northern Italy, caused his troops to swear 
allegiance to Vitellius {H. II, 51), while, at the same time, Flavius Sabinus, 
the brother of Vespasian and prefect of the city, did the same with the city 
cohorts {H. II, 55). Neither should he be confounded with the nephew of 
Vespasian and son of this elder brother, as is sometimes done {cf. no. 93). 
The relationship, if any, of T. Flavius Sabinus to Vespasian is unknown. 
Cf. also no. 169; Tac. H. I, 77. 



74 Collegia. 

fratribus Arvalibus, \ magistro Ti. Iulio Ca?idido Mario Celso col- 
legifratrum Arvalium nomine sacrum \ indicium deae Diae, prae- 

unte in diem XVI Kale?idas lunias | domi, X/Z/7 

K. Iun. in luco et domi, XIII K. lun. domi. | In collegio adfue- 

runt Ti. Iulius Candidus Marius | Celsus magister, 

L. Maecius | Postumus, L. Veratius Quadratics^ [?] , L. Pompeius 
Vopiscus | C. Arruntiu.? Catellius Celer? 

Isdem cos. | sacriiicium piaculare factum in luco deae 

Diae | 

In collegio adfueruwt Imp. Caesar Vespasia?ius Aug., \ Caesar 

Vespasiani Aug. f. Domitiam/.? 

Caesar | magist 

a | m. tri | 1 

Date, 75. (C I.L. VI, 2054.) 



Imp. Vespasiano Augusto VIII, Tito Caesar e Imp. VI 

cos., I III Non. Ia?iuar., \ magisterio , promag. P. Sa\- 

lustio Blaeso 3 collegi ir&trum \ Arvalium nomine vota nuncupave- 
runt pro salute Imp. Vespasiani Caesaris Augusti, \ trib.pot., cos. 
VIII, et T. Caesaris Aug. f. Vespasiani, cos. VI, victimis immo- 
latis I in Capitolio, quae superioris anni magister voverat, persol- 
vit, Iovi o. m. boves mares duos, \ lunoni reginae vaccas duas, Mi- 
?iervae vaccas afaas, Saluti publican vaccas duas, et \ in proximum 
annum nuncupavit, praeunte P. Sallustio Blaeso, promag., \ in ea 

verba quae infra scripta sunt 4 

Date, 77. {C.I. L. VI, 2055.) 



1 In acta frequently during 3'ears 75-91 ; cf. nos. 155, 157, 159, 160; C. I. L. 
VI, 2064-2068, 2071. 

2 Cf. no. 85. 

3 Perhaps suffect consul with Peducaeus Saenianus in May, 89 ; cf. Gori, 
Inscr. Etr. I, p. 75, no. 213 ; C. I. L. VI, 2066. His name occurs frequent- 
ly in the acta during the years 77-91; cf. nos. 155, 156, 159, 160; C. I. L. 
VI, 2064-2068, 207 r. 

4 In the fragment as reported Domitiano IV occurred in the first line. 
This is rejected and the fragment supplemented as above by Henzen, Acta 
Frat. Arv. p. C, aud C. I. L. VI, 2055. 



Collegia. 75 

155. L,. Ceionio Cominodo, 1 | D. Novio Prisco 2 cos., | III 
Non. Ian., J magisterio C. Matidi Patruini ; s promagistro L. Vera- 
tio Quadrato, col|legi fratrum Arvalium nomine vota nuncupave- 
runt pro salute j Imp. Vespasiani Caesaris Aug., trib. pot., cos. 
VIII, et T. Caesaris Aug. f. | Vespasiani, cos. VI, victimis immo- 
latis in Capitolio, quas superio|ris anni magister voverat, persolvit 
et in proximum annum nun|cupavit, praeunte I,. Veratio Quadra- 
to, in ea verba q. i. s. s. s.: | Iovi opt. bovem marem, lunoni re- 
ginae vaccam, Minervae vacc, | Saluti vaccam ; | item pro T. Imp. 
Vespasiano Caesare Aug. f. isdem verbis q. s. s. sunt-. Iovi opt. 
maxim. | bovem marem, lunoni reginae vaccam, Minervae vac- 
cam, Saluti vacc. | In collegio adfuerunt I v . Veratius Quadratus, 
C. Tadius Mefitanus, 4 Q. Tilli|us Sassius, L,. Maecius Postumus, 
A. Iulius Quadratus, C. Vipstanus Apronia|nus. Isdem cos., VI 
Idus Ian., in aede Concordiae adstan|tibus fratribus Arvalibus 
mag. C. Matidi Patruini, pro. L,. Veratio | Quadrato, collegi fra- 
trum Arvalium sacrum indictum deae Diae, | praeunte 1,. Maecio 
Postumo, in diem VI K. Iun. domz, | IIII K. Iun. in luco et do- 
mi, III K. Iun. domi. In collegio adfuerunt | L. Veratius Qua- 
dratus, C. Vipstanus Apronianus, I,. Maecius Postumus, | C. Iu- 
nius Tadius Mefitanus, A. Iulius Quadratus. Isdem cos., K. 
Mart., I in aede Concordiae adstantibus fratribus Arvalibus ex ta- 
bella Imp. | Caesaris Vespasiani Aug. miss# C. Salvium Libera- 

1 Probably the Ceionius Commodus whose wife was Appia Severa (nos. 277 
and 278). Cf. also Sogliano, Di due epigrafi amforarie Pompejane, p. 5, 
and perhaps Frontinus, De Aq. 70. 

2 Probably the Novius Priscus who was exiled by Nero in 65, because he 
was a friend of Seneca (Tac. Ann. XV, 71). He is undoubtedly not the same 
man as the curator of the Suburan tribe in no. 174. Cf. also no. 333. 

3 C. Salonius Matidius Patruinus. There is not sufficient evidence to iden- 
tify him with the Manlius Patruitus of Tac. H. IV, 45, or with the senator 
in C. I. L. V, 3117, whose name is missing, as is done by Dessau {Prosopo- 
graphia, III, p. 162, no. 81). Marini (Atti, p. 158), followed by Borghesi 
(Oeuv- Ill, p. 241), conjectured that he was the husband of Ulpia Marciana, 
sister of Trajan, and the father of Matidia Augusta. The conjecture is very 
ingenious, but there is hardly enough evidence to warrant it. 

4 C. Fufius lunius Tadius Mefitanus, named in acta for the years 78, 80, 81 ; 
cf. nos. 156, 159, 160. 



76 Collegia. 

lem Nonium Bas|sum J in locum C. Matidi Patruiui demortui coop- 
tamus. In collegio ad|fuerunt L. Veratius Quadratus, C. Vipsta- 
nus Apronianus, ~L,. Maecius | Postumus, C. Salvius Liberalis 
Nonius Bassus. Isdem cos., | mag. C. Saloni Matidi Patruini, in 
cuius locum successit, obiit magisterium, | eodem anno isdem cos. 
K. Mart. P. Sallustius Blaesus. 2 Isdem cos., V Id. Mart., | in 
aede Concordiae mag. P. Sallustius Blaesus, cooptatus in locum 
C. MaM | Patruini, collegia??* fratrum Arvalium convocavit fla- 
minemque nominavit \ "L,. Veratium Quadratum. | In collegio ad- 
fuerunt P. Sallustius Blaesus, L. Veratius Quadratus, L. Maecius \ 
Postumus, C. Iunius Mefitanus, A. Iulius Quadratus, C. Salvius 
Liberalis | Nonius Bassus. 

tulasio Nep 3 

Date, 78. (C. I. L. VI, 2056.) 



inde ad summotum in aede sacrificio 

facto immolavit deae Diae agnam \ oyimam quo sacrificio per ado 
in Caesareo epulati sunt ad magistrum 2>z|de P. Sallustius Blaesus 
mag. coronatus riciniatus de carceribus signum | quadrigis et de- 
sultoribus misit quos coronis argenteis ornavit. | In collegio adfu- 
erunt C. 4 Sallustius Blaesus, C. Fufius Iunius Tadius | Mefitanus, 
L. Veratius Quadratus, C. Vipstanus Apro?iia?ius , C. Salvius \ Li- 

beralius 5 Nonius Bassus. Isdem cos., K. Iun., \ domi ad per- 

agendum sacrificium epulantes ad magistrum etfruges excilpientes 



1 Cf. no. 61. For the method of cooptation, see Henzen, Acta Fratrum 
Arvalium, p. 150 ff. 

2 On the death of C. Salonius Matidius Patruinus, the magister, C. Salvius 
Liberalis Nonius Bassus was elected to the vacant seat in the college, and P. 
Sallustius Blaesus was elected magister. 

3 It is suggested that this read Sex. Vitulasi Nepotis, a name that occurs 
in C. I. L. IX, 3587, and on a fistula aquaria, discovered some years ago 
in Rome (Xanciani, Syll. Aq. no. 592). From the size of the letters here, 
it is probable that, if the conjecture is true, he is given as suffect consul. See 
Eph. Ep. VIII, p. 328, no. 10. 

4 By mistake for P. 

5 By mistake for Liberalis. 



Collegia, 77 

a sacerdotibus etad aram referentes pueri ingenui patrimi et \ ma- 

trimi senatorum fili. | o Paeto 1 

Date, May, 78. 2 (Notisie degli Scavi, 1898, p. 123.) 

157. Imp. Caesare Vespasiano Aug , T. Caesare Aug. 

f. Vespasiano | cos. , III Non. Ianuar., magisterio 

, promagistro , | collegi fratrum A rvalium nomine 

vota nuncupaverunt pro salute | In collegio adfue- 

runt Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug. y \ T. Caesar Aug./. Vespa- 

sianus, Caesar Aug. f. Domitianus, | L. Vera- 

tius Quadratus, | 

Isdem cos., Non. Zznuar., | in aede Concordiae adstantibus 

fratribus Arvalibus magisterio | , promagistro 

I collegi fratrum Arvalium nomine sacrum indicium deae 

Diae 

Date, Uncertain. (C /. L. VI, 2057.) 

158 . collegi ixatrum A rvalium nomine 

Date, Uncertain. (C /. L. VI, 2058.) 

This fragment is assigned to the age of Nero or Vespasian, be- 
cause of the form of the letters. 

^59 . Isdem cos. , //// K. Iun ., mag . L . Venuleius 

Apronianus 3 co\ronatus riciniatus de carceribus signum quadriga- 
ris et desultovibus misit, quos j coronis argenteis ornavit. \ In col- 
legio adfuerunt Imp. T. Caesar Vespasianus Aug. , Caesar divi f . 
Domitianus, | L. Venuleius Apronianus, C. Vipstanus Apronia- 
nus, C. Iunius Tadius Mefitanus, L. Veratius | Quadratus, L. 
/frmpeius Vopiscus Arruntius Catellius Celer, Ti. Iulius Candidus 
Marius | Celsus, Q. Tillius Sassius. 

1 This Paetus, suffect consul probably in May, 78, cannot be identified 
with any certainty. Cf. Vaglieri, Notizie degli Scavi, 1898, p. 123. 

2 The date is not absolutely certain, but the fragment in all probability 
commemorates the second and third days of the annual festival in honor of 
Dea Dia. 

8 Iy. Venuleius Montanus Apronianus, suffect consul in April, 92 ; cf. 
C. 1. L. VI, 2068, 3737 ; XIV, 245. He is named in the acta during the 
years 80-91 ; cf. C. I. L. VI, 2064-2071. Dessau {Prosopographia, III, p. 
398, no. 255) suggests that the Venuleius of Martial, IV, 82, may be the 
same man. 



78 Collegia. 

Zydem cos., Ill K. Iun., in domo L. Venulei Aproniani inag. 
ad peragendum sacrificium | per fratres Arvales epulantes et fru- 
gibns ministrantibus pueris ingenuis patrz'inis et | matrimis sena- 
torum filis referentibus ad aram in pateris. 

M. Tittio Frugi, 1 T. Vinicio Iuliano 2 cos., VII Idus Decembr., 
in Capitolio in aedem Opis | sacerdotes convenerunt ad vota uun- 
cupanda ad restitution em et dedicationem Capi|toli ab Imp. T. 
Caesare Vespasiano Aug. 3 In collegio adfuerunt L,. Venuleius 
Apronianus, C. Vipstanus Apronianus, L,. Veratius | Quadratus, 
L,. Pompeius Vopiscus Arruntius Catellius Celer, C. Iunius Tadius 
Mefitanus, | P. Sallustius Blaesus. 

I,. Flavio Silva Nonio Basso, 4 Asinio Pollione Verrucoso 5 cos., 
XVIII K. Febr. , | in luco deae Diae piaculum factum per calato- 
rem et publicos eius sacerdoti, quod arbor | a vetustate decidit, ex- 
piandum porcam et agnam opimam. 

1,. Vettio Paullo, 6 T. Iunio Montano 7 cos., K. Mais, in luco 
deae Diae piaculum | factum per calatorem et publicos eius sacer- 
doti ob ferrum inlatum in aedem ScripAir(ae) | caussa porcam et 
agnam opimam. 

Isdem cos. , III Idus Maias in luco deae Diae piaculum factum 
per calatorem et publicos | eius sacerdoti ob ferrum de aede elatum 
porcam et agnam opimam. 

Loca adsignata in amphiteatro 8 : ( L. Aelio Plautio Iyamia, 9 Q. 

1 Legate of the fifteenth Apollinaris in the Jewish war (Jos. B. I. VI, 4, 3). 
Dessau {Prosopographia, III, p. 330, no. 208) suggests that inscription no. 
12 above may possibly refer to him. 

2 Not otherwise known. 

3 See p. 46, note 3. 

4 Legate of Judaea in 73 (Jos. B. I. VII, 8, 1); cf. also no. 163; C. I. L. 
VI, 10243 ; Dio, LXVI, 26. 

5 Cf. no. 163; C. I. L. VI, 10243; Dio, LXVI, 26. 

6 Cf. nos. 160 and 255. 

7 Cf. nos. 160 and 255. The Montanus of Juvenal, IV, 107 and 131, may 
be the same man ; cf. Borghesi. Oeuv. V, p. 523. 

8 The record of the seats assigned to the Fratres Arvales in the new Fla- 
vian amphitheatre. 

9 Cf. no. 36. 



Collegia. 79 

Pactumeio Fnmtone 1 cos., | acceptum ab Laberio Maximo, 2 pro- 
curatore, praef. annonae, | Iy. Ve^uleio Apronzano mag., curatore 
Thyrsol., | fratribus Arvalibus maeniano primo, cun. duodecimo, 
gradib. marm. octo, gradu primo p. quiiique, | grad. octavo p. 
quinque quadrans semuncia sicilicus : f(iunt) ped. quadraginta 
duo semis; gradu primo uno ped. viginti duo semis, et maeniano 
summo I secundo, cun. sexto, gradib. marm. quattuor, gradu pri- 
mo uno p. viginti duo semis, et maeniano | summo in ligneis tab. 
quinquagesima tertia, gradibus undecim, gradu primo ped. quin- 
que triens semuncia, grad. | undecimo ped. quinque deunx sicili- 
cus : f (iunt) ped. sexaginta tres deunx semuncia | summa ped. 
centum duodetriginta deunx semuncia. 

L. Flavio Silva Nonio Basso, j Asinio Pollione Verrucoso cos. , | 
III Nonas Ian., | magister C. Iunius Tadius Mefitanus collegi fra- 
trum Arvalium nomine vota nuncupavit | pro salute Imp. Titi 
Caesaris divi f. Vespasiani Aug., pontif. max., tribunic. potest., 
cos. VIII, et Caesaris | divi f. Domitiani, cos. VII, et Iuliae Aug. 3 
liberorumque eorum, victimis immolatis in Ca|pitolio, quae supe- 
rioris anni magister voverat, persolvit lovi o. m. boves mares II, | 
Iunoni reginae vaccas duas, Minervae vaccas II, Saluti publicae 
vaccas II, et in | proximum annum nuncupavit, praeunte L,. Pom- 
peio Vopisco C. Arruntio Ca|tellio Celere, in ea verba quae infra 
scripta sunt : 

Iuppiter o. m., si Imp. Titus Caesar Vespasianus Aug., pontif. 
max., trib. potest., p. p., | et Caesar divi f. Domitianus, quos 
nos sentimus dicere, vivent domusque | eorum incolumis erit, a. d. 
Ill Non. Ian., quae proximae p. R. Q. rei p. p. R. Q. | erunt i 
fuerint, et eum diem eosque salvos servaveris ex periculis, si qua 
sunt I eruntve ante eum diem eventumque bonum ita uti nos sen- 
timus dicere | dederis eosque in eo s/atu quo nunc sunt, aut eo meli- 

1 Cf. no. 65. 

2 Lucius Laberius Maximus, procurator of Judaea ear!y in Vespasian's 
reign, to whom that emperor sent orders to offer for sale all the lands of Ju- 
daea (Jos. B. I. VII, 6, 6). He was prefect of Egypt in 83 (C /. L. Ill, 
p. 1962). 

3 Daughter of Titus. Cf. nos. 225-227, 326. 



80 Collegia. 

ore servaveris, ast tu \ ea itafaxsis, tunc tibi nomine collegi fra- 
trum Arvalium bubus a\i\ratis II vovemus esse futurum. \ Iuno 
regina, quae in verba lovi o. m. bubus auratis II vovimus esse fu- 
X.u\rum, quod hodie vovimus, ast tu ea itafaxsis, tunc tibi in eadein 
verba no\mine collegi fratrum Arvalium vaccis auratis II vovemus 

esse futurum. | Minerva | Salus 

publica 

Isdem cos. f Idus Ian., in aede Concordiae adstantibus fratri- 

bus Arvalibus , mag. C. lunii Tadii Mefitani, pro\mag. L. Pom- 
peio Vopisco C. Arruntio Catellio Celere, collegi fratrum Arvalium 
sacrum indicium deae Diae, praeunte — {continued in no. 160S) 

Date, 80 and 81. (C. /. L. VI, 2059.) 

160. {continuation of 710 . 159.) L. Pompeio Vopisco C. Ar- 
ruutio Catellio Celere, in diem XVI K. Iun. domi, XIIII K. | 
Iun. in lnco et domi, XIII K. Iunias domi. In collegio adfue- 
runt C. Iunius | Tadius Mefitanus, Ti. Iulius Candidus Marius 
Celsus, I/. Pompeius Vopiscus C. | Arruntius Catellius Celer, L. 
Veratius Quadratus, P. Sallustius Blaesus. 

M. Roscio Coelio, 1 C. Iulio Iuvenale 2 cos., IIII K. Apr., in lu- 
co deae Diae piaculum factum | per kalatorem et publicos eius* sa- 
cerdoti ob arbores quae a tempestate nivis | deciderant expzandas, 
porcam et agnam opimam. 

T. Iunio Montano, L. Vettio Paullo cos., 3 XVI K. Iun., magis- 
terio C. Iuni Mefitani | collegi fratrum Arvalium sacrificium, quod 
conceptum est, in domi Iuni | Mefitani per magistrum et ceteros 
sacerdotes ; item iterum epulantes ad | magistrum pueris ingenuis 
senatorum filis patrimis matrimis minis|trantibus ture et vino, re- 
ferentibus ad aram in pataris. 

Isdem cos., XIIII K. Iun., item in luco deae Diae et domi, 
magistro C. Iunio Menjtano collegi fratrum Arvalium nomine ad 
aram immolavit deae Diae | porcas piaculares II, deinde vaccam 
deae Diae; inde cum in aedem Caesarei | consedissent, et ex sac- 

1 Legate of the twentieth legion in Britain in 68 (Tac. H. I, 60; Agric. 7). 
* Not otherwise known. 
3 Cf. nos. 159 and 255. 



Collegia. 81 

rificio gustarunt, inde ad summotum in aede sacrificio | facto im 
molavit deae Diae agnam opimam, quo sacrificio peracto in Cae- 
sa|reo epulati sunt ad magistrum ; inde magister C. Iunius Mefita- 
nus corona | tus riciniatus de querceribus si^num quadrigaris et de- 
sultoribus misit, | quos coronis argentew crnavit. | In collegio ad- 
fuerunt Imp. Titus Caesar divi Vespasiani f. Vespasianus Aug., 
C. Fufius | Iunius Tadius Mefitanus, Iy. Po77zpeius Vopiscus Ar- 
runtius Catellius Celer, Q. | Tillius Sassius, Ti. Iulius Candidus 
Marius CHsus, Iy. Veratius Quadratus. 

Isdem cos., XIII K. Iun., item domi ad -peragend. sam'ficium 
f (ratres) epulantes ad mag. | et fruges excipientes a sacerdotibza" 
ad amm refemites pueri ingeuui | patrimi matrimi senatorum fill. 

M. Petronio Umbrino, 1 L. Carminio Lusitanico 2 cos., XV//7A". 
Octobr., collegius [sic] fratrum | Arvalium immolavit in Capitolio 
ob imperium Caesaris divi f. Domitiani | Aug., 3 magisterio C. Iu- 
ni Mefitani, promag. L,. Pompeio Vopisco C. Arruntio | Catellio 
Celere, lovi o. m. b(ovem) m(arem), Iunoni reginae vaccam, Mi- 
nervae vaccam, Salutz | vaccam, Felicitati vaccam, Marti taurum. 
In collegio adfuerunt L. Pompeiuj | Vopiscus C. Arruntius Catel- 
lius Celer. {The remainder of the acta of 81 are of Domitiart s 
reign.) 4 

Date, 81. (C. I. L. VI, 2060.) 

SODAI.KS AUGUST AI.KS CI,AUDIAI,BS. 

162:. Dec(uria) XXVIII. | Adlectus ad numerum ex s. c. | 
T. Caesar Aug f. Imperator, | Imp. Caesare Vespasiano Aug. 
Ill, I M. Cocceio Nerva 5 cos., | p. R. c. an. DCCCXXIIII. 

Date, 71. (C. /. L. VI, 1984.) 

1 cf. C. I. L. VI, 2065, col. 2, 1. 52. 

2 Otherwise unknown. 

3 Domit.ian was undoubtedly proclaimed emperor September 14th, the day- 
after the death of Titus; cf. Suet. Tit. 11 ; Dio, LXVI, 18; 26; Henzen, Acta 
Fratrum Arvalium, p. 64. The ccmitia tribunicia, however, was not held 
until September 30th (C. I. L. VI, 2060, 1. 33). 

4 The acta for the first half of 81 show that during this year the consuls 
held office for only two months, since different consuls are given for Janu- 
ary, March, and May. A convenient list of suffect consuls will be found in 
the index. 

5 The future emperor ; cf. nos. 168, 242, 285 ; Front. De Aq. 102. 



82 Collegia. 

It was customary to elect the emperor to membership in this 
college. He took the position occupied by his predecessor in the 
principate. When Titus was admitted by his father to a share in 
the empire, a new decuria — twenty-eight — had to be added to the 
college for him, since Vespasian occupied the place made vacant 
by the death of Vitellius. 1 

162. Imp. Caesars Vespasiano Aug. , | T. Caesare Au- 
gusts f. cos. I p. R. c. a?i. DCCCXX , | P. Valerz&s Fes- 

tus [?] I coop talus. 

Bovillae in Latium. (C. /. L VI, i988=XIV, 2392.) 

This Publius Valerius may be the father or brother of C. Vale- 
rius Festus, who was himself a sodalis Augustalis and whose fa- 
ther's name was Publius. 2 

COLLEGIUM AERARI SATURNI. 

163. ude I T. Caes. divi Vespasiani f . Aug. 

VIII, I Caesare divi Vespasiani f. Domitiano VII cos., \ ne 

L,. Pompusio Mettio 3 ] no, praef. aer. Sat. ann. IIII, | 

cur(antibus) | ionio M. f. Prisco, | — Feturio T. f. Flacco, | 

— Calpuvmo Cn. f. Maximo. 

L. Flavio SUvsl, \ Asinio Pollione Kerrucoso cos., 4 | 

co I ann. I. 

Date, 80 and 81. (C. /. L. VI, 1495.) 

It has been conjectured 5 that this inscription refers to some 

collegium connected with the aerarhwi Saturni. 

COLLEGIUM DENDROPHORUM. 

164. (a) V Idus April., ] Imp. Vespasiano Caesar. | Aug. 
Villi cos., I Tito Vespasiano Caes&r. \ Aug./. VII cos. 

1 For a discussion of this college, see Dessau, De Sodalibus et Flamini- 
bus Augustalibus, Eph. Ep. Ill, pp. 205-229; Marquardt, Staatsver. Ill, 
p. 4695".; Mominsen, Staatsr. II, pp. 1104-1105; C. I. L. VI, 1984, uote. 

- See no. 27. 

3 Or Mettius Pompusianus — suffect consul sometime during Vespasian's 
reign, banished to Corsica and afterwards put to death by Domitian ; cf. 
Suet. Vesp. 14; Dom. 10; Dio, LXVII, 12, 3; Aur. Vict. Ep. 9, 14. 

* Cf. no. 159. 

5 Cf. C. I. L. VI, 1495, note. 



Collegia. 83 

(b) Ob mtinificentiam earum | quae dendrophoros | ho- 
noraverunt honos | decretus est eis q. i. s. s. : | Claudia Iusta ; | 

V — iva, sac.; | S ia Faustina, sac.; Sicin — ivocepta ; | Amul- 

lia Primigenia ; | Satria Pietas ; | Claudia Ptolemais ; | Tereutia 
Athenais. (C. I. L. X, 7.) 

Date, April 9, 79. Near Regium in Brutii. 

The dendrophori were a collegium or corporation of carpenters, 
originally forming a religious body who carried the sacred tree in 
the worship of Magna Mater. 1 

DECURIONES COIXEGIORUM. 

165. Nominaque adscripseruut decur. | ea quae i. s. s. : | T. Sa- 
telli Kutychi, Hermae Fontei, | T. Satelli L,ascivi, fr(atrum), 2 Ap- 
pulei Ampliati, | Asiatici Caesaris (servi), Cesti Calpeni, | Besiae 
Iucundae P. 1., Fontei Evaristi, | Suavettiae Lacesis, Iuni Maxi- 
mi. I Suavettia Amaryll(is), Suavettius Alexander, | cur(atores), 
loc(um) coll(egio) et Nym(phis) d(e)d(icarunt). 3 | Imp. Vespa- 

siauo Aug j T. Caesare Aug. f. Vespasiano cos. 

{C.I.L. VI, 10350.) 

CATALOGS OF PRIESTS. 

1^6. I^q^'. M. 'Avrwnosj M. 'Avrwvtov | ^Xdfxfxa 4 vlos, KacrKeA- 
A.tos. I Storas Aiovvctlov. 

I^pS 7 . [M.] 'Avrwviosj M. 'Ai/todviov J ^XdfXfxa^ vtos, ['A] p [mt]to- 
[/aejvrys. (Bockh, CI. G. 5144.) 

Date, 68 and 73. 5 Cyrene in Cyrenaica. 

1 See Marquardt, Staatsver. Ill, p. 371, note 5. 

2 The fr. is between the lines, and refers to T. Satellius Eutychus and T. 
Satellius Lascivus. 

3 This line is given according to the interpretation of Mommsen. Henzen 
suggests cup(am) loc(o) coll(egii) et Nym(phaetim) d{e)d{icarunt) . See 
C. I. L. VI, 10350. 

4 M. Antonius Flamnia, undoubtedly proconsul of Crete and Cyrene, was 
condemned and exiled in 70 on account of his extortion and cruelty (Tac. 
H. IV, 45). 

5 Dated by the Actian epoch. Thus the years 99 and 104 are equivalent to 
68 and 73 A. D. 



84 Collegia. 

167. [Ai]ovv<uov, I Iy Ou€<T7racrt [a] vov | Kaicrapos 

6 Seira [2]epa,7uWos vios | [KjAeap^a) | ['^p] X [ e "l 

(TTpdrov I 

Cyrene in Cyrenaica. (Bockh, C. I. G. 5145.) 

MUNICIPAL FASTI. 

168. (a) Imp. Vespasiano II, Tito filiocos., | ius Ma- 
cro, I fius Longus, IHIvir. p(raefecti) l(ege) P(etronia), 1 1 

s Marcellus, | Maritimus, IHIvir. p. 1. P. 

Imp. Vespasiano III, M. Cocceio Nerva 2 cos., | (£) C. Avi- 
dius Octaves, | M. Claudius M 

Imp. Vespasiano IIII, cos., | K. Apr., Cavarius 

, ! Avidius Ius 

Dornitiano II Caes. , cos. , | K. Apr., Titus et Dornz- 

tianus quinq.? \ Cn. Mummeius , | M. Barronius praef. 

Imp. Vespasiano V, cos., | K. Apr., C. Titedius 

, J P. Cornelius 

Imp. Vespasiano VI, cos. \ C. Vibius Tiro , | 

C. Safinius C. f (C. /. L. X, 5405.) 

Date, 70 — 75. Aquinum in Latium. 

This inscription is on two tablets now in the Capitoline museum, 
so imbedded in the wall that only the last half of the one and the 
first half of the other are visible. The fasti extend from 67 to 75, 
but only the part from 70 to 75, during the reign of Vespasian, 
is given here. 

Although the tablets are reported to have been found at Aqui- 
num, Mommsen 4 has shown that they must have originally come 
from Interamna, and not from either Aquinum or the neighboring 
Casinum, since both of these towns were governed by duumvirs. 



1 See Marquardt, Staatsver. I, pp. 170, 171. 

2 Cf. nos. 161, 242, 285. 

3 The municipal officials must have been quinquennales this year, since 
the Caesars would be chosen only to the highest office. 

4 C. I. L. X, 5405, note, and pp. 510, 530. 



Collegia. 85 

TABULA FKRIARUM LATINARUM. 1 

169. nl I — . Lat(inae) fuer(unt) VII K. Iul., | 

Caesare Aug. f. Dotnitiano, | C. Valerio Festo 2 cos. 

Lat. fuer. VII K. Iul., | C. Licinio Muciano 3 1/7, | T. Flavio 
Sabino 4 ' II cos. 

Lat. fuer. | M. Avrecmo Clemente? | m cos. 

Lat.fuer. | II, | on 6 cos. 

Mons Albanus in Latium. (C I. L. VI, 2oi6=XIV, 2242.) 

Date, 71 — 74. 

CORPUS SKVIRORUM AUGUSTAUUM. 

170. sevtr. Aug. corp | urn sestertii triginta 

nummi dedit — \ ex quorum usuris XV K. Decembr. | quotannis 

sportulae vescentib&s | ak'wderentur qui signorum | basi- 

licarn exorn(averunt). (C /. L. XII, 530.) 

Aquae Sextiae in Gallia Narbonensis. 

This inscription of a sportula given on the seventeenth of No- 
vember is assigned to Vespasian's reign because November seven- 
teenth was the birthday of that emperor. 7 



1 See Marquardt, Staatsver. Ill, pp. 296-298. 

2 See no. 27. 

3 See no. 5. 

4 See no. 152. 

5 Brother of Arrecina Tertulla, the first wife of Titus (nos. 234 and 235), 
appointed prefect of praetorians (a post which his father had held before 
him) by Mucianus in 70 (Tac. H. IV, 68). He was twice consul {C. I. L. 
XII, 3637). Although previously an intimate friend of Domitian, he was 
put to death by him after he became emperor (Suet. Dom. 11). Cf. also 
nos. 174 and 335. 

6 Perhaps Sex. Iulius Frontinus ; cf. Borghesi, Oeuv. VI, p. 477. Others 
place the first consulship of Frontinus in 72 or 73 ; cf. Waddington, Fastes 
des Prov. Asiat. no. 103. Frontinus was praetor urbanus in 70, governor of 
Britain about 76-78, proconsul of Asia, curator aquarum, three times con- 
sul — the second time in 98, the third time as consul ordinarius with the em- 
peror Trajan in 100. He is well-known as an author. Cf. C. I. L. Ill, p. 
862 ; VI, 2222 ; VIII, 7066 ; IX, 6083^ ; Lanciani, Syll. Aquar. no. 128 ; Tac. 
H. IV, 39 ; Agric. 17 ; Pliny, Ep. IV, 8, 3 ; V, 1, 5 ; IX, 19 ; Paneg. 61, 62 ; 
Mart. X, 48, 20; X, 58 ; Vegetius, I, 8 ; II, 3 ; and the various works of Fron- 
tinus himself. 

7 Suet. Vesp. 2. 



86 Tribal Corporations. 

TRIBAL CORPORATIONS. 

171. Fortunae reduci 1 | domus August. | sacrum. | Trib(us) 
Suc(usana) 2 corp(orum) foeder(atorum). | M. Allius Tyrannus, 
C. Furinius Faustus, | C. Fulvius Phoebus, aurar(ius), L. Ven- 
nonius Zosimus, | C. Aurelius Primus, | immunes 3 perpetuo d(e)- 
d(icarunt). 

{at top of right side) Dedicatum III Idus Octobr. 

Date, October 13, 70 [?]. (C. /. L. VI, 196.) 

172. (#) Fortunae reduci 1 domus August. | sacrum. | Trib(us) 
Suc(usana) corporum \ foeder(atorum). 

(b) M. Allius Tyrranus, C. Furinius Faustus, | P. 4 Ful- 
vius Phoebus, L. Venuoniu^ Zosimus, | C. Aurelius Primus, | im- 
munes perpetuo d(e)d(icarunt). (C /. L. VI, 197.) 
Date, 70 [?]. 

173. Victoriae | Imp. Caesaris Vespasiani | August! | sacrum. | 
Trib(us) Suc(usana) corp(oris) Iuliani. | C. Iulius Hermes, 5 men- 
sor, I bis hon(ore) in curat(ione) 6 functus et nomine | C. Iuli Re- 
gilli, fill , de suo fecit, | cui populus eius corporis immunitatem | 
sex centuriarum decrevit. (C /. L. VI, 198.) 

174. Paci August. J sacrum. | L,. Caesilius Tauriscus Tarqui- 
nies, I C. Portumius Phoebus II, 7 | L. Silius Carpus, | L. Statius 
Patroclus II, 7 | D. Novius Priscus, 8 | P. Suillius Celer, | Ti. Clau- 
dius Hermetis 1. Helius, | P. Agrasius P. 1. Marcellus, | curato- 



1 Cf. nos. 151, 172. This probably fixes the date of the inscription as 70. 

2 Alleged original form for Suburana ; cf. Varro, De Ling. Lat. V, 48. 

3 Cf. nos. 172, 173, and C. I. L. VI, 9404: immuni Romae regionibus 
X1III. 

* C. in no. 171. 

5 Perhaps the same as the C. Iulius Hermes of C. I. L. VI, 20061. 

6 The reading of Mommsen, Staatsr. Ill, p. 190, note 1. Hiibner, Ex. 
Scrip. Ep. Lat. no. 237, reads curat(ela). 

T This II probably belongs in each case to the two names preceding, since 
in each case in the original it is between the lines. Those who were holding 
office for the second time would naturally be named first. 

8 Probably not the D. Novius Priscus of no. 155. 



Tribal Corporations. 87 

res trib(us) Suc(usauae) iunior(um) s. p. d(e)d(icarunt), | per- 
missu M. Arricini dementis. 1 

{on left side) Ponend. cur. | L,. Faenius Bvanthes, iunior. 

(C./. L. VI, 199O 

175. {on front) Paci aeternae | domus | Imp. Vespasiani | Cae- 
saris Aug. | liberorumq. eius | sacrum. | Trib(us) Suc(usana) 
iunior (um). 

{on left side) Dedic. XV K. Dec, | L. Annio Basso, 2 1 
C. Caecina Paeto 3 cos. (C /. L. VI, 200.) 

Date, November 17, 70. 

On the right side and back of the pedestal appear the names of 
the members of the corporation of juniors in eight columns, ar- 
ranged according to centuries. 

We find, of the Suburan tribe, seniors 4 and juniors, 5 also a cor- 
pus Iulianum? There were also seniors and juniors of the Pala- 
tine tribe, 7 and of both the Palatine and the Esquiline tribes a 
corpus Augustale.* The juniors of the Suburan tribe were divided 
into eight centuries, each having a curator ; 9 those of the Palatine 
tribe were probably also arranged in eight centuries. 10 The cura- 
tor of the first century of the seniors of the Suburan tribe is men- 
tioned in an inscription. 11 

The corpus Iulianum also had curators, and was divided into 
six centuries. 12 Mommsen 13 thinks that there were three of seniors 

1 Cf nos. 169 and 335. 

2 Proconsul of Cyprus in 52 (Bockh, C. I. G. 2632), legate of a legion un- 
der Antonius Primus in 69 (Tac. H. Ill, 50). An account of his life was ed- 
ited by Claudius Pollio (Pliny, Ep. VII, 31, 5). 

8 Cf. nos. 88 and 241. 

4 Bull. Com. 1885, p. 161. 

5 Nos. 174 and 175. 

6 No. 173. 

7 C I. L. VI, 1 104, 10215, 10218. 

8 C. I. L. VI, 10097, 10216, 102 1 7. 

9 Nos. 174 and 175. 

10 Cf. C. I. L. VI, 1104; Mommsen, Staatsr. Ill, p. 265, note 3. 

11 Bull. Com. 1885, p. 161. 

12 Cf. no. 173. 

13 Staatsr. Ill, p. 277. 



88 Inscriptions of the Emperors. 

and three of juniors, which also formed part of the eight centuries 
each of juniors and seniors of the tribe. The corpora foederata 1 
were probably a union of the seniors and juniors into one body. 

For a complete discussion of the tribes and the centuries, see 
Mommsen, Staatsr. Ill, pp. 161-299. 

INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EMPERORS. 

Under this head have been grouped such inscriptions of Vespa- 
sian and Titus, chiefly dedications to these emperors, as could not 
well be classed under any of the foregoing heads. 

176. Herculi Saxano | et Imp. Vespasiano Aug. | et Tito Imp. 
et Domitiano Caesari, | M. Vibius Martialis, | centurion leg. X 
Gem., et commilitones vexilli leg. | eiusd. qui sunt | sub cura eius 
v. s. 1. m. (Orelli, 2008.) 

Near Mussiponte. 

177. Imp. Caesari Vespasiano | Aug-.,pont. max., trib. potest. 
VII, I imp. XIIII, 2 p.p., cos. VI, design. VII, censor, | Primige- 
nius. (C /• L. XIV, 86.) 

Date, July -December, 75. Ostia in Latium. 

178. Imp. Caesari | Vespasiano Aug., | pontif. max., tr. pot. 
II, I imp. VI, p. p., cos. Ill, design. IIII, | senatus populusquQ 
Aricinus. (C /. L. XIV, 41 91.) 

Date, March- June, 71. Nemi (Nemus Dianae 3 ) in Latium. 

There were probably dedicatory inscriptions to Titus and Dorni- 
tian on either side of this, as in no. 28, but these have been bro- 
ken off and lost. 

179. Victoriae | Imp. Caesar. | Vespasiani Aug. 

Cora in Latium. (C /. L. X, 6515.) 



1 Cf. nos. 171 and 172. 

2 Cf. no. 29. 

3 Nemus Dianae was the famous sanctuary of Diana near Aricia, and with- 
in the boundaries of the Aricians {cf. C. I. L. XIV, p. 204), so often men- 
tioned by the poets ; cf. Ovid, Fast. Ill, 266 ; VI, 59 ; At s Am. I, 259 ; Stat. 
Silv. Ill, 1, 56; Mart. XIII, 19, 1 ; Lucan, III, 86 ; VI, 75 ; Val. Flac. II, 305. 



Inscriptions of the Emperors. 89 

x8o. Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus Aug., | pontif. maxima, | 
trib. potestat. YII, | imp. XVII, p. p., censor, | cos. VII, design. 
Fill. (C. /. L. X, 1629.) 

Date, March -June, 76. Uncertain — now at Naples. 

181. Imp. Caesar | Vespasianus | Aug., pont. max., | trib. 
pot. X, imp. I XVII\\, X o.os. VIII, | censor. 

Capua in Campania. (C /. L. X, 3829.) 

Date, July -December, 78. 

182. Imp. Caesari Vespasian | Aug., pont. max., trib. potes/. 
VI, 2 I cos. VI, design. VII, imp. XIIII, p. p., cens., [ex testa- 

ment. | Marcelli, centurionis leg. XI Claud. | 

praei. civitatis Ma.ezeior2i?n s | iatium, praef. chor. Ill Alpz*- 

nor. I ianorum, Ilvir. i. d. quinqu^rc., \ patroni coloniae. 

Bovianum in Samnium. (C /. L. IX. 2564.) 

Date, March - December, 75. 

The eleventh Claudia was part of the victorious Flavian army 
in Italy, and the centurion may have set up this testimonial to the 
emperor because of rewards received for service at that time. 

183. Imp. Caesari | Vespasiano | Aug., pont. max., | trib. 
pot., 4 imp. X, I cos. IIII, p. p., cens. | designato, | senatus popu- 
lusq. I Caeres. (C /. L. XI, 3605.) 

Date, January, 72 -March, 73. Caere in Etruria. 

184. /mp. Caesari Aug. | F<?spasiano, \pont. max., trib. pot., | 
cos. II. (C I.L. XI, 1 171.) 

Date, January -June, 70, Veleia in Aemilia. 

185. {on one side) Imp. Caesari | Vespasiano Augu^/f., | 

ar — c — potentia — | ius_-Pris 

{on other side) Deo Marti | conservatori. 
Vercellae in Gallia Transpadana. [C. I. L. V, 6653.) 



1 Imperator XVIII occurs with tribunician power IX {cf. no. 135), and 
imperator XX with consul IX {cf. nos. 130, 138, 198). 

2 Or VII ; cf. nos. 29 and 75. 

3 See p. 22, note 6. 

4 The number of the tribunician power, if given, would probably be IIII ; 
cf. nos. 28 and 86. The inscription would then date after July 1, 72. 



90 Inscriptions of the Emperors. 

186. Imp. Caesar j Vespasianus | Augustus, pontifex | maxi- 
mus, trib. potestat., 1 1 cos. Ill, cos. desiguat. IIII, p. p. 

Segusio iu Alpes Cottiae. (C. I. L. V, 7244.) 

Date, March -December, 71. 

187. 7mp. Caesar/ I Vespasiano Aug., | pontifici max., | trib. 
pot. IIII, imp. X, 2 1 p. p., cos. IIII, desig. V. 

Pola in Histria. (C. /. L. V, 26.) 

Date, March -June, 73. 

188. Sacrata domus Augusto, | M. Clodius , | pont. de- 
sign., cum Annia — | et M. Clodio Rustico et | -_ Clodio Marcello, 
f., I Imp. Caes. Vespasiano Aug. | d. s. p. d. d. 

Near Ipsca in Baetica. (C. I. L. II, 1570.) 

This was probably erected on the occasion of the election of 
Marcus Clodius to the priesthood. 

189. Imp. Caesari Vespasiano | Aug. , pontif. max., tr. pot. 
Ill, I imp. VIII, cos. Ill, desig. IIII, p. p., > 

Aventicum in Gallia Belgica. (Orelli, 380.) 

Date, July -December, 71. 

X90. Imp. Vespasiani | Cae. Aug., p. m., trib. | p., cos. 

Ill, 3 1 Saturninus M sachonis 4 1 f., flamen perpetuus factus | 

ex consesu universae civita|tis Chusirensium aram | s. p. f. 

Chusira in Byzacena. (C /. L. VIII, 698.) 

Date, January -June, 70. 

19X. Tmp. Caesari | Vespasiano | Aug., \ p. m., tr. p. VI, 

imp. XIII? I cos. V, des. VI, p. p., \ T. Flavius ni|_-us, aed., 

Hvir quinq\uenti3.. , pontife.*:/ri|mus in colonia ex d | ob hono- 

rem ponti|ficatus epulo dato | d. d. 

Icosium in Mauretania Caesariensis. {Rev. Arch. XXIX 

Date, July -December, 74. (1896), p. 404, no. 115.) 



1 The tribunician power might be either II or III. 

2 Cf. uos 45 and 86. 

3 The last stroke seems to be a later addition. It may have been added 
after the designation of Vespasian to his third consulate, or on his entrance 
upon it. 

4 Perhaps M«M«»sachonis. 

5 Cf. nos. 34, 126, 127, 142, 143. 



Inscriptions of the Emperors. 91 

X4)2. AvTOKpdropa [KatVapa] | Ovecr7ra [<r] tavo [v 2e/3ao"Tov] | 6 

P]?W°[ s °] I ^t^^ph 0- ^] 

Near Nysa in Caria. (Bockh, C. /. £. II, add. 2943 b.) 

■*93- [AvTOKpdroap KaTcrap Oueo-7raortavos Se/foaros, d]p^[t]€pevs 
£/x]c[yt]crTOS, Sr] [/xap^tK] 77? e|ovcrtas | [t]6 [e£] , avTO [*p] a [tw] p to 
t[y'] , v [7rar]os to [I|, T€tp.7/T] 77s, | [VJaTiyp [V] aT [pt ] 80 [s] 

Phaselis in Lycia. (Bockh, C. I. G. 4333.) 

Date, January -July, 75 [?] * 

1^4.. AvroKparop [t] I 0eu> I KatVapt | ^§e/3acrTa> Oueo"7rao'tavw | €7rt 
dv0U7rdYov MapKOv I ^oiAoutou lYAAcoi/05 2 J 6 Srjfxos 6 Kaio-apecov | MaKeSoVwv 
'YpKavtW I raw tw ev 'E<£eo"a) twv 2e/3aj (rraiv koww rfjs 'Aortas Sta | 
Tei fxoOeov rov TeifioOiov Kat | M^TpoSwpov totj M.r)TpoS(opov | dp^ovTwv, Kat 
8ta M.Y)VO<fji\ov rov I 'A7roX\o)vtov Kat Mvivoyevovs | M>7Tpo<£dVov Kat Meve- 
KpaTovs I 'IotjkowSou €7rt/xeA^T(ov, I €7rt dp^tepe'005 t>?s | 'Acrtas Tifiepiov 

KAavStOV I , ApL(TTLO)VO<S. 

Epliesus in Ionia. (/our. of Phil. VII (1877), p. 145.) 

X^SJ- AvroKpdropi Sew KatVapt ^efiacrTco Ovco~7ra<TLavip } €7rt dvOvTrdrov 
MapK[ov] <3?ouA.ou'tou iYAAau/ [os] 2 , 6 <£tAoKato"ap 'A^poSetcr [tecoi/] 8?7p,os> 
cAcv^epos wv Kat olvtovo/jlos oltt dp^s ttJ twv ^ [e/3acr] t<oi/ ^dptTi, raw to> 
€1/ 'E<£eara> twv ^e/SacrTwv Kotva> t)}s 'Ao-tas, €7rt dpxtefpetos] t^s 'Ao"tas 
Tt/3eptov KA.au [8tbiT] Qrjcreivov. 

Ephesus in Ionia. (Bull, de Corr. Hell. VI (1882), p. 286.) 



[ArTOKTaTopt KatVapt Ou£0"7rao"tava> 3e/3acrTa> Kat 

AvTOKpdropL TtTU) KatVapt OveaTractava) 2U/3aoro9 vta> dp\ | [\ j l [ € p] e <-j 

877 [jaapxiK] ^5 €[^ovo"tas to V7rdYa> to ] | d7ro8€8€typ,e[V]a> to [ 

Kat KatVapt] | SejSacrTOv i>ta> Aop,[tTtava> ? virdru) to a7ro8e8£ty- 

/u.ei>aT]| to reifJLrjTrj , 3 B [a] A,/3o [upeW 17 j3ov\r) Kat 6 Syj/jlos Ka] |Tco*[K]era- 

cev to v8 [p] ayw [yetov eK raJv 181W x/ 0, 7/ >t ^ ro,l,/ ?] I &<* Aov[k]m)v Aovo-Ktou 

1 The supplement is somewhat arbitrary ; hence the date is not certain. 

2 Cf. nos. 35, 249, 250. 

3 Probably through error or ignorance. 



92 Inscriptions of the Emperors. 

'O^pea 1 Trpeo-fievTov t<oi/] | 2U/?ao"ra>v kcu dv[r] t[a-]T/)a[T>;you, koX 

TLoixirrj'f\ \ov IIAavTa 2 iir [it] poiro [y] . 

Balbura in Pisidia. (LeBas, Voyage Arch. 1225.) 

Date, 73-79. 

I97. [A] vTOKp<xTu>p Katcrap Ovecnraa [iolvos 2Uj/?a] <tto<s, dp^tepevs 
/xcyioTOS, S77 jjaapxi/ojs | e]£ovcrias to 6', avTOKpa.T(ap to t|_0] | V7raros to 17', 
AaKc8a6/x,ovt[cu] v rfj 7ro[XetJ . 

Sparta in Laconia. (Bockh, C. I. G. 1305.) 

X98. Imp. Vespasiano | Caesari Aug., | pontif. maximo, | 
trib. potest. X, | imp. XX, cos. Villi, p. p., | C. Domitius | 
Florus, 1 1. f. i. {€. I. L. Ill, 5201.) 

Date, January -June 23, 79. Celeia in Noricum. 

199. Tito Caesari \ Vespasiano Aug., | s. p. q. l^anivinus. 
Lanuvium in Iyatium. (C /. L. XIV, 2098). 

200. T. Caesari \ Augusti f. | P^spasiano, | imp. VI, \ponti- 
fici, I trib. potest. III? (C. /. L. XI, 3606.) 

Date, July, 73- June, 74. Caere in Ktruria. 

201. Caesari T. Imp. | Vespasiano Aug. , | Fespasiani f , con- 
ser|z>#tori Pads Aug. (C /. L. II, 3732.) 

Valentia in Hispania Tarraconensis. 

202. T. Caesari Aug. f. | Vespasiano, pontif., | imp. XII, 
trib. pote. VII, | cos. VI, | provincia L,usitania, | C. Arruntio Ca- 
tellio I Celere, 4 leg. pro pr., \ L,. Iunio Latrone, | Conimbricese, 
flamine | provinciae Lusitaniae, | ex auri p. V. 

Augusta Emerita in Lusitania. (C. /. L. II, 5264.) 

Date, July, 77 -June, 78. 



1 The inscription C. I. L. VI, 9300, Eros cubiclarius Lusci Ocreaes, may 
refer to the same man as this legate of Lycia and Pamphylia under Vespa- 
sian. For the name, cf. Cic. Rose. Com. 14, 43. 

8 Pompeius Planta, procurator of Lycia and Pamphylia under Vespasian, 
•was prefect of Egypt in 98, and a friend of the emperor Trajan. He wrote 
an account of the civil war of Otho and Vitellius. Cf. Pliny, Ad Trai. 7 ; 
10; Ep. IX, 1 ; Scholiast on Juv. II, 99. The restoration of his name here, 
and also that of L. Luscius Ocrea, is from Borghesi {Oeuv. VIII, p. 186). 

3 Cf. nos. 34 and 56. 

4 Cf. nos. 85, 153, 159, 160. 



Inscriptions of the Emperors. 93 

202. Imp. T. Vespasiano | Caesari Aug. II 1 cos. | ar- 

cum I vicani Vindonissenses, | cur(antibus) T. Urbanio Mattone, 
T. I Valer. Albano, L. Veturio Meloccottio. 

Vindonissa in Gallia Belgica. (Orelli, 437=5026.) 

Date, 72-73. 

204. Imp. T. Caesari, Imp. Caes. \ Vespasiani Atigusti, \ 
pontile mftximi, \ trib. pot., cos. II, filio, | cius Telesp/zorus. 

(on back) pont. wax., trib. pot. | <:ensori, | 

patri I patriae (C. I L. VIII, 875.) 

Date, January -June, 72. Mhammedia in Africa Procons. 

205. Tito Caesari | Imp. Fespasiani | ^4ugusti fil., | d. d. p. p. 
Sicca in Africa Proconsularis. (C /. L. VIII, 15852.) 

2S)6. [TiTto KaiVapi 2e/3aoT<i>, dpxiepei] fjceytdTio, (fy/xapJxiK^s 
iiowLas to 6\ av\roKparopL to te , rrarpl 7raTpt' So? , v7raT(o to rj , ko.l 
KaiVapt I [Ao/x,tTtavo)] Oeov Oueo"7rajcriavo{5 %e(^ao~TOv ma>, V7ra!rw to £ , 
leparevovro^j Sia | yivovs T. 'IovAtov 3?a/3ia Mi'j 0peos, tov By/Jiov vlov, | 
<f>c\oo'e/3do'TOV, I €7rt aT€<f>avr)<f>6pov Tt. KAarStbu Bc'wvos | Noonavoi), 
dy<ovo0eTOui/TOS A. Alklvlov ILpoKXov, ^vo~Tap^ovvTO<; [tov SavosJ , | 
8toiKovvTO<s A. %ov\ttlklov <&cpfjLov, ol 7T€^7rXrjpo}KOTes to. lo"q\vcna' I ^ovXttl- 
kios <&lpfxos, I 'ApTefXtSiopos 'Apre/xas, 7raTpojxvaT7]<;, j A7roAA.(oi/ios Etj- 
SrjfJLOS, 7raTpo/xvo-Tr)<i, | Tpoc£ip;os 'Ao~K\r)7na8ov, | Tvpawos IIa7rtov tov 
M£i/dvo>ov. (Bockh, C /. 6\ 3173 A.) 

Date, January -June, 80. Smyrna in Lydia. 

2©^. 'O S^/xos [AvTO/<paTopt Tt'] |to> KatVapt ^e/^ao-Ta) | kcu 7raTpi #ea>. 

Blaundus in Phrygia, (Bockh, C /. £. 3868.) 

208. Imp. T. Caesari Au^*. , | pont. max., trib. pot. VI, | 
imp. X, cos. VII, censori, | Ti. Claudius Theopom|pi f. Quir. 
Sabinus ex test. | Ti. Claudi Theopompi, patri s. 

Perinthus (Heraclea) in Thrace. (C /. L. Ill, 7391.) 

Date, July- December, 79 [?] 2 



1 Given by some as VII ; see Orelli, 437. 

2 Titus became pontifex maximus after tha death of Vespasian ; his sev- 
enth consulate was in 79. The tribunician power and the imperatorship do 
not correspond to these dates, and should be Villi and XIIII (or XV) re- 
spectively. 



94 Deification and Worship of Emperors. 

DEIFICATION AND WOSRHIP OF EMPERORS. 

Both Vespasian and Titus were deified after death, and a tem- 
ple was erected in their honor by Domitian. Three columns of 
this temple, which was located near the Capitol, are still standing. 
It is ordinarily known as the templum Vespasiani, and was dedi- 
cated to Vespasian, but it is sometimes called the templum Vespa- 
siani et Titi. 1 The following inscription was upon the epistyle : 

209. (a) Divo Vespasiauo Augusto s. p. q. R. 

(£) Imp. Caess. Severus et Antoninus Pii Felic. 
Augg. restituer. (C. /. L. VI, 938.) 

There were undoubedly other temples erected in honor of Ves- 
pasian and of Titus. We have the record of one at Cumae in an 
inscription of the year 289. 

2X©. M. Magrio Basso, L. Ragonio | Quintiano cos., K. Iu- 
nis, j Cumisin templo divi Vespa|siani — (C. /. L. X, 3698.) 

There is a number of miscellaneous dedications to the emper- 
ors after their deaths, in addition to those already given in other 
connections. 

2IX. Divo Vespasiano | patri Domitiani Aug. 

Near Barium in Apulia. (Epk. Ep. VIII, p. 15, no. 73.) 

2X2. (0) In honorem divi Vespasiani et j divi Titi, | divi Ves- 
pasiani f. 

(b) Imp. Nervae Caesaris j Traiani Aug. Germ. | Dacici. 

(c) s, praef. fabr. bis, aedilis, d. d. 

Capua in Campania. (C /. L. X, 3830.) 

213. Divo Tito divi Vespasiariif. Vespasiano Augusto, | Imp. 
Caesar divi Nervae f. Nerva Traianus Aug. Germanicus Dae, 

pont. max., | trib. po/. , imp. , cos. , p. p., fecit. 

(C. /. L. VI, 946.) 

The inscription above was discovered beneath the epistyle of 
the columns of the old basilica of St. Peter on the Vatican, when 



1 See Notitia Reg. VIII ; Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations, pp. 28S-291 ; 
Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, I, pp. 338-340; Gilbert, III, p. 124. 



Deification and Worship of Emperors. 95 

it was torn down by Pope Paul V to make room for a new build- 
ing. To what the inscription refers is unknown. 

214- • AvroKparopa Tltov | KatVapa ®€ov j 2e/3aorov Ov€CTj7rao-fcai/ov | 
rj ttoAis. (C. /. G. I, 2494.) 

Thebes in Boeotia, 

215 . (a) AvTOKpdr [opa Tt] [tov KatVapa ® [eoV] , | Oeov Ovecnra- 
cr [1a] j vov viov, 2ie/3ao'T [ov] . 

(^) [Ove<r7raortav] ov ®€ov. 

(V) [Tt] tov AvTOKpdropa ®eoV, | #eo£> Ov€0-7ra(navo{; | vlov, 
Se^ao-rov. 1 

Near Ilium in Mysia. (Bockh, C. I. G. 361 1.) 

SOD ALES FLA VI ALES. 

Similar to the sodales Augustales, after the death of Vespasian 
there was established a collegium called sodales Flaviales. After 
the death of Titus, we find also sodales Flaviales Titiales, sodales 

Titiales Flaviales, and sodales Titiales. Dessau, 2 following Momm- 
sen and Wilmanns, holds that the cult of Titus was placed in the 
hands of the sodales Flaviales, who then became sodales Flaviales 

Titiales, and that the order of the adjectives was sometimes re- 
versed, or the Flavialis omitted, because the memory of Titus 
soon took precedence with the Romans over that of Vespasian. 
Following this view, it would seem that the name was a matter of 
individual preference, since the various forms occur apparently 
indiscriminately at all periods. 

It has been suggested to me by Dr. Durham that perhaps there 
were four classes of these sodales : (1) those charged with the cult 
of Vespasian — sodales Flaviales; (2) those charged with the cult 
of Titus-— sodales Titiales ; (3) those priests of Vespasian to whom 
was later entrusted the cult of Titus also — sodales Flaviales Titi- 
ales ; (4) those priests of Titus to whom was entrusted the cult of 
Vespasian also — sodales Titiales Flaviales. While there are objec- 
tions to this view, it seems to me better than the other. It receives 

1 Perhaps the same as (a). 

2 De Sodalibus et Flaminibus Augustalibus, Eph. Ep. Ill, pp. 211-213. 



96 Deification and Worship of Emperors. 

confirmation from the fact that, in the inscription quoted below, 
the titles sodalis Flavialis and sodalis Titialis are given separately. 

These priests of the Flavian gens sometimes have the name sa- 
cerdotes instead of sodales. 1 Their number is unknown. 2 Outside 
of the inscriptions the only record of them is in Suetonius Dom. 4 : 

certamini praesedit \_Domitiantis'] } adsidentibus Diali 

sacerdote et collegio Flavialium. 

A list of the inscriptions containing mention of these sodales is 
given below. With the exception of the first one, they are not 
quoted, since they bear upon the subject of this investigation only 
in as far as they illustrate the range of this collegium. The gen- 
eral period, at least, of each inscription is, if possible, noted. The 
latest date at which the priesthood was held, for which we have 
inscriptional evidence, is about 200. 3 

2X6. A. Didius Gallus | ^abricius Veiento, 4 cos. | III, XVvir 
sacris faciend., | sodalis Angustal., sod. Flavial., | sod. Titialis, 
et Attica eius, | Nometon. v. s. 1. m. 

Moguntiacum in Germania Superior. (Dessau, 1010. ) 

Inscription. Period. 

C. I. L. Ill, 6813, Trajan. 

VI, 1333, Antoninus Pius. 5 

1523, Consul in 159. 

2189, Unknown. 

1 C. I. L. VI, 1523, 2189; VIII. 597, 7062. 

2 In C. I. L. XI, 1430, XVvir Flavialium is interpreted by Bormann 
XVvir ex collegio Flavialium ; the number of the sodales is then conjectured 
to have been fifteen; but Mommsen (Eph. Ep. Ill, p. 213, note 1) holds 
that XVvir Flavialium=XVvir sacris faciundis et ex Flavialibus. For a 
discussion of this collegium, see Dessau, De Sodalibus et Flaminibus Au- 
gustalibus, Eph. Ep. Ill, pp. 211-213. 

3 Cf C. I. L. VIII, 7062. 

4 Praetor under Nero (Dio, LXI, 6). He was accused of libeling the 
Fathers and priests in the books called by him Codicilli and was banished 
in 62 (Tac. Ann. XIV, so)- He was noted as an informer under Domitian, 
and also enjoyed the favor of Nerva (Pliny, Ep IV, 22, 4 ; IX, 13, 13, 19, 
20; Juv. Ill, 185; IV, 113, 123, 129; VI, 113). His second consulship was prob- 
ably during the reign of Domitian (Aur. Vict. Epit. 12, 5), and his third con- 
sulship ma}' have been under Trajan (Pliny, Paneg. 61). Cf. Mommsen, 
Korr. d. Westd. Zeit.f. Gesch. und Kunst, III (1884), p. 86. 

5 Cf. Borghesi, Oeuv. IV, p. 159. 



Deification and Worship of Emperors. 97 

Inscription. Period. 

C. I. L. VIII, 597, Marcus Aurelius. 

706?, Septimius Severus. 

XI, 1430, Consul in May, 87. x 

XIII, 1806, Marcus Aurelius. 

XIV, 2501, Consul in 157. 
Orelli, 364, Trajan. 
Henzen, 6050, Unknown. 
Dessau, 1078, Antonines. 

Bull. Com. 1890, p. 103, Trajan and Hadrian. 

Bull, dell Inst. 1896, p. 253, Trajan and Hadrian. 

A single small fragment of the acta of this collegium has been 
discovered. 

217. sodalium 'F\av\ali?im Titialium, \ p. R. c. an. 

DCCC (C. I. L. VI, 1989.) 

SBVIRI FLAVIANS. 

As there were sodales Flaviales after the analogy of the sodales 
Augustales, so we find in the municipalities, after the death of 
Vespasian, seviri Flaviales. These sevirs were frequently also se- 
viri Augustales, and are then termed seviri Augustales Flaviales. 
There are also cases of seviri Augustales Flaviales Titiales Nervi- 
ales. 2 Two examples of inscriptions of these sevirs are given be- 
low, followed by a list of the remainder. 

2x8. Q. Caecilio | Telesphor., VI | vir. Flaviali | Cremon. et 
Munerar., | Calventia | Corneliana | marito optimo et | sibi. 
Brixia in Gallia Transpadana. (C /. L. V, 4399.) 

219. C. Valerius 3 1. | Sceptus, | VIvir Aug. Flavialis, | sibi 
et I Vettiae L. f. Romulae, uxori, | v. f. 

Aquae Statiellae in L,iguria. (C. I. L. V, 75 n.) 

Inscription. Place Found. 

C I. L. Ill, 1768, Narona in Dalmatia. 

1835, Narona in Dalmatia. 

V, 4968, Camunni in Gallia Transpadana. 



1 Cf. C. I. L. VI, 2065. 

1 Cf. C. I. L. Ill, 1768, 1835. For a discussion of the seviri Flaviales, 
see de Ruggiero, Dizionario Epigrafico, I, pp. 845, 846. 



98 Deification and Worship of Emperors. 

Inscription. Place Found. 

C. I. L. V y 6353, Laus Pompeia in Gallia Transpadana. 

6369, Laus Pompeia in Gallia Transpadana. 

7018, Augusta Taurinorum in Liguria. 

7509, Aquae Statiellae in Liguria. 

XI, 1063, Parma in Aemilia. 

4639, Tuder in Umbria. 

XII, 1 159, Carpentorate in Gallia Narbonensis. 

FLAMINKS. 

In addition to the sodales, the cult of the emperors was kept up 
by flaniines. Borghesi 1 was of the opinion that these were chosen 
from the sodales, but this view is refuted by Dessau, 2 who shows 
that the two were in all probability separate institutions. We 
find inscriptions of flamens of most of the earlier emperors, and it 
is probably mere chance that there is no record of such priests for 
Vespasian or Titus. 

Although there is no record of flamens of Vespasian or Titus 
created in Rome, there is a number of inscriptions of municipal 
flamens of both Vespasian and Titus. A list of these is here given. 

Inscription. Place Found. 

C. I. L. II, 4212, Tarraco in Hispania Tarraconensis. 

6095, Tarraco in Hispania Tarraconensis. 

Ill, 660, Philippi in Macedonia. 

V, 5239, Near Comum in Gallia Transpadana. 

5667, Ager Mediolatiiensis in Gallia Transpadana. 3 

6360, Laus Pompeia in Gallia Transpadana. 

6513, Novaria in Gallia Transpadana. 

6514, Novaria in Gallia Transpadana. 
6797, Bporedia in Gallia Transpadana. 
6995, Augusta Taurinorum in Liguria. 
7021, Augusta Taurinorum in Liguria. 
7458, Vardagate in Liguria. 

IX, 2600, Terventum in Samnium. 

2855, Histonium in Samnium. 

1 Oeuv. Ill, p. 402. 

2 De Sodalibus et Flaminibus Augustalibus, Eph. Ep. Ill, p. 221 ff. ; see 
also Marquardt, Staatsver. Ill, pp. 473-475. 

An inscription of the younger Pliny. 



3 



Imperial Hoitsehold. 99 

Inscription. Place Found. 

C. I. L. X, 413, Volcei in Lucania. 

5382, Aquinum in Latium. 1 

XIV, 292, Ostia in Latium. 

298, Ostia in Latium. 

400, Ostia in Latium. 

4142, Ostia in Latium. 

In addition to the flamens of Vespasian and Titus, there have 
been found inscriptions of flaminicae of Julia, the daughter of Ti- 
tus, 2 and an inscription of a sacerdos of Dornitilla, the daughter of 
Vespasian. 3 

IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD. 

VESPASIA POLLA. 

The following inscription is given as supplemented by Bor- 
mann, 4 who refers it to Vespasia Polla, the mother of Vespasian. 

220. C. Caesari Augusto Qermanico, \ Gei'manici Caesaris 
f., Ti. Caesaris Aug. n., | divi Augusti pron., pont. max., trib. 

•pot , cos. I Vespasia __ f. Polla. 

{Arch. Epig. Mitth. aus Osier, XV (1892), p. 34.) 

Date, 37-41. Spoletium in Umbria. 

Vespasia Polla was the daughter of a Roman knight of Nursia, 
a town connected by a road with Spoletium, the nearest town of 
Umbria. According to Suetonius, 5 there were many memorials 
of the family between the two towns. The name Polla (from Paul- 
la), is not a common one, and the place and date of the in- 
scription, together with the fact that it is a dedication to the em- 
peror Gaius, to whom the mother of Vespasian would feel especial 



1 An inscription of the poet Juvenal ; cf. Sat. Ill, 318-321 : et quoties te \ 
Roma tuo refici properantem reddet Aquino, \ me quoque ad Helvinant Ce- 
rerem vestramque Dianam \ converte a Cumis. 

2 C. I L. IX, 1 153, from Aeclanum in Hirpini ; C. I. L. V, 6514, from 
Novaria in Gallia Transpadana. 

3 C. I. L. V, 2829, from Patavium in Venetia. See no. 229. 

4 Arch. Epig. Mitth. aus Oster. XV (1892), pp. 34-37. 

5 Suet. Vesp. 1. Vespasia Polla is also mentioned in Suet. Vesp. 5. 



ioo Imperial Household. 

gratitude because of favors shown her son, 1 point very strongly to 
the identification of Bormanii. 

DOMITIAN. 

22X. Domitiano, cos I/, 2 | sacerdoti | ronlegiorum omniuw, 3 | 
/rincipi iuventuti?. 4 (C I. L. IX, 4955.) 

Date, 73 [?] Cures in Sabini. 

222. Domuia.no, | principi iuentut. 

Veleia in Aemilia. (C /. L. XI, 1172.) 

223. [Ao/uriavov] , I Oveo-7ra<navo [t)J | Kaurapos vtov, | 17 i£ 'Apeibv 
7rayov | j3ov\r] kolI rf j3ov\r) rcov | e^axocriW kou 6 8^/xos. 

Athens in Attica. (C. I. A. Ill, aafcf. 461 b.) 

22/|.. Ao/ALTiavov Kaicrapa, AvroKparjopos Kat'crapos SejSaoTOv Ov|co"- 
7rao"tavo9 mov, | 'ApiariSrys crvv rots tckvois | t/ca> Kat 'Apio-rtS^ ck 

twv tStW. (C /. G\ I, 2495.) 

Thebes in Boeotia. 

JULIA. 

225. T. Caesari | Aug. f., imp. V, | trib. pot. II. 
luh'ae I T. Caesarzs \ \mp.filiae. 

Date, March-June, 73. 5 (C. I. L. VI, 941.) 

226. Iuliae Aug. | T. fil. 

Terventum in Samnium. (C /. L. IX, 2588.) 

227. Iuliae I Augusts I divi Tit//. | Trumplinz | et Benacens^. 6 
Brixia in Veuetia. (C. I. L. V, 4313.) 

1 Cf. Suet. Vesp. 2. 

2 Cf. no. 16S; but the supplement might be III or IIII. Of Domitian's 
seven consulates before he became emperor, only two — the second, in 73, and 
the seventh, in 80, — were as consul or dinar ius. 

3 It was customary for the princes to be elected supra numerum to all 
the larger sacred collegia-, cf. Mommsen, Staatsr. II, pp. 1104-1106. Titus 
was also sacerdos collegiorum omnium ; cf. no. 48. 

4 See p. 18, note 7. 

5 Cf. nos. 86 and S7, where Vespasian is imperator X (=Titus IIII) after 
March 1, 73. 

6 Alpine tribes near Brixia, probably dependencies of the Brixians. See 
Mo:?:msen, C. I. L. V, pp. 507 and 515. 



Imperial Household. 101 

Julia, the daughter of Titus and his second wife, Marcia Fur- 
nilla, was given the title Augusta before the death of Titus, 1 
and was cousecrated by Domitian. 2 The date of her death is un- 
known, but she is named in the annual vow of the Fratres Arva- 
les for the safety of the imperial family, January 3, 87/ but omitted 
in the vow of January 3, 90/ so that her death probably occurred 
between these dates. 5 She married her cousin, Flavius Sabinus, 6 
but was later the mistress of Domitian. 7 

FIAVIA DOMITILI.A. 

228. Flaviae Domitillae | Imp. Vespasianz Caesam Aug. | — 
Herculaneum in Campania. (C. /. L. X, 1419.) 

Flavia Domitilla was Vespasian's wife, who died before he 
came to the throne. 8 



Flavin Domitil/a ^ug., | Imp. Caesam | Vespasiani 
Aug. (Bull. Com. 1886, p. 302.) 

This inscription from Rome is referred by Gatti 9 to the wife of 
Vespasian, but it may refer to his daughter, who also died before 
the period of his principate. 10 



1 Cf. no. 159, 1. 40; no. 226; perhaps no. 326. 

2 Eckhel, Dod. Num. Vet. VI, p. 366. For flaminicae of Julia, cf. C. I. L. 

V, 6514; IX, 1153. 

3 C. I. L. VI, 2065. 

4 C. I. L. VI, 2067. 

5 It is, of course, possible, though extremely improbable, that the omis- 
sion of her name in the vow of January 3, 90, may have been for some reason 
other than her death. Dessau {Prosopographia, II, p. 82, no. 281) shows 
from the evidence of coins that she was dead before the end of 91, but seems 
to have disregarded the evidence of the acta. 

6 See no. 93. 

7 Cf Suet. Dom. 17, 22; Dio, LXVII, 3; Pliny, Ep. IV, n, 6. For her 
life, see also Suet. Tit. 4, 5 ; Philost. Vita Apoll. Tyan. VII, 7 ; Juv. II, 32 ; 
Mart. VI, 3, 6; 13; IX, 1, 7 ; C. I. L. X, 1632. 

8 Suet. Vesp. 3; Aur. Vict. Epit. 10, 1; 11, 1; Eckhel. Doct. Num. Vet. 

VI, p. 345 f. 

9 Bull. Com. 1886, p. 302. 

10 Suet. Vesp. 3. Cf also Quint. IV, prooem. 2 ; Eckhel, VI, p. 349. 



102 Imperial Household. 

The diva Domitilla in C. I. L. V, 2829, lias usually been con- 
sidered to refer to the wife of Vespasian, but Momrnsen 1 argues 
that the daughter is meant. He bases his opinion upon a passage 
of Statius, 2 in which Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, and Domitilla, 
the sister of Domitian, are spoken of as deified and stars, but no 
mention is made of the mother, thus making it probable that she 
was never deified. If this be true, the Flavia Domitilla Augusta 
of the inscription above may be the daughter of Vespasian, be- 
cause of the title Augusta. It is possible that this title was con- 
ferred on Vespasian's wife, but she is not so designated in no. 228. 

DESCENDANTS OF FLAVIA DOMITILLA. 

230. filia Flaviae Domitillae | divi Vespasiani 

neptis, fecit Glycerae 1. et (C L L. VI, 948 a.) 

231. filia Flaviae Domitillae dW\ Vespasiani 

neptis, patri. {C. I. L. VI, 949.) 

232. Tatia Baucyl/# — nu\\xvs. septem liberorum proneptum \ 
divi Vespasian/, filiorum Fl(avi) dementis et | Flaviae Domitil- 
lae, uxoris eius, divi | Vespasiani neptis acceplo loco <?|ius beneficio 
hoc sepulchru?^ feci mihi et | meis libertis, libertabus posterisg. 
eorum. (C. I. L. VI, 8942.) 

The genealogy is apparently as follows : Vespasian and Flavia 
Domitilla, his wife, had, besides their two sons, a daughter, Fla- 
via Domitilla. 3 This daughter had, by a husband whose name is 
unknown, but who was perhaps of the Flavian gens, 4 a daughter, 
w T ho was also named Flavia. Domitilla. The latter married her 
second cousin, Flavius Clemens, son of Flavius Sabinus the elder 
brother of Vespasian, 5 and these two had seven children, among 
whom w T ere the two sons whom Domitian had intended as his suc- 



1 Staatsr. II, p. 822, note 1. 

2 Silv. I, 1, 98. 

3 Suet. Vesp. 3. 

4 Since the daughter's nomen was Flavia ; but she may have taken this from 
her mother's family. 

5 Dio, LXVII, 14 ; Suet. Dom. 15. 



Imperial Household. 103 

cessors, and to whom he had given the names Vespasian and Do- 
mitian, 1 and the daughter of nos. 230 and 231. The identity of 
the jilia of these two inscriptions, however, is disputed. De Ros- 
si 2 would supply Flavia Domitilla, and refer to the granddaughter 
of Vespasian. The principal objection to this is the order of the 
words, which would be most unusual if such a meaning were in- 
tended. Mommsen 3 holds that the inscriptions refer to a daugh- 
ter of Flavia Domitilla, the granddaughter of Vespasian, an inter- 
pretation which is better adapted to the order of words in the in- 
scription, and which I have adopted. Mommsen 's theory that 
Flavia Domitilla, the daughter of Vespasian, married her uncle, 
Flavius Sabinus, and that these two had a daughter, Flavia Do- 
mitilla, in addition to their two sons, Flavius Sabinus and Flavius 
Clemens, is refuted by de Rossi, 4 and later abandoned by Momm- 
sen, himself. 5 Dio Cassius 6 states that Domitian banished Flavia 
Domitilla, his kinswoman, wife of Flavius Clemens, his cousin. 
Eusebius 7 makes her the daughter of the sister of Flavius Clemens, 
but has certainly confused the relationships. 

2 33- Ser. Cornelio | Iuliano, frat. | piissimo, et | Calviszae 
eius, I P. Calvisius | Philotas, et sibi, | ex iudulgentia | Flaviae 
Domitill. I In fr. p. XXXV, | in agr. p. XXXX. 

(C. /. L. VI, 16246.) 

The location and wording of the inscription make the identifi- 
cation of this Flavia Domitilla with the granddaughter of Vespa- 
sian, not his wife or daughter, almost certain.. 

ARRKCINA TERTUUvA. 

234. Dis manibus | M. Arrecini | Melioris, | Arrecina | Ter- 
tulla I delicio suo | fecit. | V. a. Villi, d. X. 

(C. /. L. VI, 12355.) 

1 Suet. Dom. 15. 

2 Bull. Arch. Crist. Ill (1865), p. 20 ff. 

3 C. I. L. VI, 948, note. 

4 Bull. Arch. Crist. XIII (1875), p. 68. 

5 C. I. L. VI, 8942, note. 

6 LXVII, 14. 

7 Hist. Eccl. Ill, 18. Cf. also Hieronymus, Ep. 108, 7 ; Suet. Dom. 17. 



104 Imperial Household. 

235. D. m. I Arrecinae | Gnomes, | Arrecina | Tertulla | de- 
licio suo I fecit. (C. /. L. VI, 12357.) 

Arrecina Tertulla was the first wife of Titus. She was the sis- 
ter of M. Arrecinus Clemens, praetorian prefect and twice consul. 1 
After her death he married Marcia Furnilla, who became the 
mother of Julia. 2 

DOMITIA. 

236. Domitiae Cn. f., | Domitiaui Caesaris (uxori) | d. d. 
Herculaneum in Campania. (C /. L. X, 1422.) 

Domitia Longina, the daughter of Cn. Domitius Corbulo and 
wife of L,. Aelius Lamia, was seduced by Domitian about the time 
of the accession of Vespasian, and became his mistress. He sub- 
sequently married her, and she bore him a son in 73, but this son 
did not live long and nothing more is known of him. 3 

From an inscription of the reign of Domitian, 4 we learn that 
Domitia was born on February nth. The same inscription also 
gives the natal day of Domitian, October 24th. 5 

caknis. 

237. Dis manib. | Antoniae Aug. | 1. Caenidis. j optumae pa- 
tron., I Aglaus 1. cum Aglao | et Glene et Aglaide, | filiis. 

(C /. L. VI, 12037.) 

Antonia Caenis was the freedwoman who became the concubine 



1 Cf. nos. 169, 174, 335. 

2 Cf. Suet. Tit. 4. 

3 Cf. Suet. Dom. 3; perhaps also Statius, Silv. I, 1, 99; Mart. IV, 3, 8; 
Sil. Ital. Ill, 629. For the life of Domitia, see Suet. Tit. 10; Dom. 1, 3 ; Dio, 
LXVI, 3; 26; LXVII, 3; 15 ; Aur. Vict. Caes. 11, 7; Epit. ir, 11; Zori. XI, 
18, 19; Jos. Vita, 76; Stat. Silv. Ill, 4, 18; Mart. VI, 3; C.I. L. VI, 2060, 
2064, 2065, 2067, 2068, 8570, 8667, 8959, 11569, 16983, 17115, 19718, 20492, 
24655 ; IX, 3419, 3432, 3469 ; X, 1738, 7649; XIV, 2795 ; XV, 548-558 ; Notizie 
degli Scavi, 1884, p. 80; 1890, p. 13; Bull, de Corr. Hellen. IX (1885), p. 22. 

4 C. I. L. X, 444. 

5 Cf. Suet. Dom. 1. It might be mentioned here that there is a list oina- 
tales Caesarum (Orelli, 1104), said to have been found in an old manuscript 
of the 8th or 9th centmy, which may have been copied from an inscription. 
In this list, the birthdays of Vespasian — November 17th, — of Titus — Decem- 
ber 30th, — and of Domitian — October 24th — are given. 



Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 105 

of Vespasian after the death of his wife, and who was reputed to 
have great influence over him. She died during his prineipate. 1 

238. D. m. I Fl(aviae) Aug. lib. Helpidi | Caenidianae, quae | 
cum vixit dea et sanctissima | dicta est, Callistus Aug. lib. | Hy- 
ginianus coniugi caris|simae, cum qua vixit bene an|nis L,, et Ul- 
pia Calliste, filia, matri pi|entissimae, libertis, libertabus, pos|te- 
risque eorum. H. m. h. 11. s. (C. I. L. VI, 18358.) 

Flavia Helpis was undoubtedly a v slave of Vespasian and atten- 
dant of Caenis. On being liberated, she took the gentile name of 
her former master and the cognomen Caenidiana, formed from the 
cognomen of her mistress, Antonia Caenis. 

FLAVIA SABINA. 

^39>. FlaviaeT./*. | Sabinae | Caesenni Paeti (uxori). 
Near Praeneste in l,atium. (C /. L. XIV, 2830.) 

240. Hygiae, | Flaviae Sabinae [ opstetr., vixit ann. XXX, | 
Marius Orthrus et | Apollonius contubernali | carissimae. 

(C. /. L. VI, 6947.) 

Flavia Sabina was without doubt connected in some way with 
the reigning family of the Flavians. Her husband was probably 
Iy. Caesennius Paetus, consul in 61, afterwards governor of Syria 
under Vespasian, where, in 72-73, he expelled Antiochus from the 
throne of Commagene. 2 

OFFICERS, SOLDIERS, ETC. 

24X. C. Caecinae C. 1. | Evanthe, liberto | optimo et | fidelis- 

simo, I Caecina Paetus, | patronus, fe|ri/. 

Fratta Maggiore in L,atium. (C. /. L. X, 5375.) 

C. Caecina Paetus was suffect consul in 70, and curator of the 

banks and channel of the Tiber in 74. 3 



1 Cf. Sttet. Vesp. 3, 21; Dom. 12; Dio, LXVI, 14. 

2 Cf Tac. Ann. XIV, 29; XV, 6-8, 10-17, 24, 25, 28; Dio, LXII, 20-22; 
Jos. B. I. VII, 3, 4; 7, 1-3. He may, however, have been the Iv. Caesennius 
Paetus of no. 254. 

3 Cf. nos. 88 and 175. 



106 Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 

242. Nymphis sanct. 1 novis repertis | in villain Surdinianam 
Amemphi | Caes. 1. et Orciviae Phoebes et Rbodini lib. | eorum 
deduct, ad earn villam quae et ipsae | maiestati suae se dederunt, | 
Imp. Caesare Vespasiano III, M. Cocceio Nerva 2 cos. 

Sinnessa in Campania. (C. /. L. X, 4734.) 

Date, 71. 

243. Iovi op. m., I Callistus | Alexaudri, Caesaris | ser 

#ot. s. 1. 1. I nomine suo I e^ Iwliae Primae. 

{on side) Posita Idib. , | Caesare Aug. f. Domitiano II, \ 

L. Valerio Catullo Messatino J cos. (C /. L. V, 7239.) 

Date, 73. Segusio in Alpes Cottiae. 

Messalinus was noted as a delator under Domitian. 3 His prae- 
noineu is shown by this inscription to have been L,ucius, not Mar- 
cus, as given in the Fasti. 

244. M. Pompeius Silvanus, 4 cos., proa?.?., Xvirs.f., | de 

sua pecunia faciendum cur. 

Zian in Tripolitana. (C /. L. VIII, 11006.) 

245. T. Clodio M. f. Fal. | Eprio Marcello, 5 | cos. II, augu- 
ri, I curioni maximo, | sodali Augustali, | pr. per., procos. | Asiae 
III, I provincia Cypros. 

Near Capua in Campania. (C /. L. X, 3853.) 

246. [*H fiovXr) kcu 6 S^/xos twv AopvXaeiav ck t]o)v tyjs ttoXutu |as 
aTTOTeiiAyjcreaiv Tir<p KAwSt |a> '^nrptio MapKeAAw dvOvwdrw to ft ' , | €7rt/xeA.^- 
#cvtos Trj<s dva<rracr€|(ps rov dvSpidvros kcu ttjv /3a|o"iv e/c rov ISlov kclto.- 
CTKeva'cravTOs ©eoyevovs M.evdvBpov rov Mev£/x,a^ov dp^i\7rapa<j)v\aKOs . 

{Mitth. desdeutsch. Arch. Inst, in Athen, XIX (1894), P- 3°6-) 
Date, 71-72. 6 Dorylaeum in Phrygia. 



1 Cf. C. I. L. Ill, 3489 ; X, 5905 ; etc. See Preller, Rom. Myth. II, p. 125 ff. 

2 Cf. nos. 161, 168, 285. 

3 For Valerius Messalinus, cf. Tac. Agric. 45 ; Pliny, Ep. IV, 22, 5-6; Juv. 
IV, 113-122 ; Front. De Aq. 102 ; Aur. Vict. Epit. 12, 5. 

4 Cf. nos. 83 and 317. 

5 See p. 24, note 3. 

6 Since Eprius Marcellus was proconsul of Asia during the years 70-73. 
See p. 24, note 3. 



Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 107 

24.7. TA(0€o>v 6 Sfjfxos "E7T/01OV MapKeAAov. 

Tlos in Lycia. (Bockh, C. I. G. 4238 b.) 

248. procos. Asia per \x\ennium | Hiclec- 

tus est ab divo Claudz'0 | provinciam rem optinui/ 

Tusculum in Iyatium. (C /. L. XIV, 2612.) 

This inscription is referred to Eprius Marcellus because it is of 
the Flavin period and because he is the only man that is known to 
have held the proconsulate of Asia through three successive years. 

249. Deis penatibus familiaribus, 1 | M. Fulvius M. f. Gillo, 
cos., fecit. (C /. L. IX, 4776.) 

Near Forum Novum in Sabini. 

M. Fulvius Gillo was suffect consul in 76. 2 

250. Deis manibus | M. Fulvii M. 1. | I,eiti, | aram pecunia 
sua I decuriones domuus | patroni eius. 

Forum Novum in Sabini. (C. I. L. IX, 4794.) 

A dedicatory inscription to a freedman of M. Fulvius Gillo. 

25X. Sex. .SVntio Sex. f. | Caeciliano, 3 | Xvir. st\. iud., tr. 
mil. leg. VIII Aug., | — aet., aed. pi., prae/., leg. pr. pr. prov. | 

, cur. <zlvei Tib. et ripar., leg. leg. XV Apollinar. | g. 

leg. pr. pr. utriusq. Mauretan., | cos., arbitratu | uxor, et 

Atlantis li£. (C /. L. IX, 4194.) 

Amiternum in Sabini. 

252. M. Arruutio | M. f. Ter. Aquilae, | Illviro a. a. a. f. f., | 
quaest. Caesaris, | trib. pi., pr. , cos., | XVviro sacr. fac. , | filio. 

Patavium in Venetia. (C. I. L. V, 2819.) 

M. Arruntio Aquila was suffect consul sometime during the 
reign of Vespasian. 4 

253. P. Galerio — | Ani. Trachalo, 5 1 q., tr. plebis, pr., cos.,| 
Vlfa'vc. epulonum, procos. provinc. Afric, \patvono, d. d. 

Mediolanum in Gallia Transpadana. (C. I. L. V, 5812.) 

1 Cf. Cic. Rep. V, 5, 7; Orelli, 21 18. 

2 Cf. nos. 35, 194, 195. 

3 Cf. nos. 80 and 81. • 

4 See no. 85 and notes. 

5 P. Galerius Trachalus was consul in 68 with Silius Italicus. After the 
defeat of Otho, he was protected by Galeria Fundana, the wife of Vitellius, 



108 Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 

254. Iraperio | domini Siivani, | C. Cossutius C. lib. Epa- 
phroditus j aram Silvano marmoravit, item | simulacrum Herculis 
restituit, item | aediculam et aram eiusdem corrupta ref., j dedi- 
cavit K. Martis, | P. Calvisio Rusoue, 1 L. Caesennio Paeto 2 cos. 

{C.I.L. VI, 5970 
Date, probabty during the reign of Vespasian. 3 

255. Herculi victori | pollenti potenti | invicto, d. d. 1. m., | 
C. Vibius Fronto, | viator q(uaestorius), | dedic. Ill K. Iul., | L. 
Vettio Paullo, | T. Iunio Montano cos. 4 

Date, June 29, 81. (C. /. L. VI, 328.) 

256. Vitelliae | C. f. Rufillae | C. Salvi Liberalis 5 cos. (uxo- 
ri), I flamini Salutis Aug., matri | optumae, | C. Salvius Vitelli- 
anus vivos. (C. /. L. IX, 5534.) 

Urbs Salvia in Picenum. 

2&57- 'Ek tov dcraydkvTOs J v&aros £7rt tov Aia tov J 'Axpaiov tnl 
Ov\7tlov \ Tpa'iavov 6 tov avdvirarov j iv Tats ctt par rjytcus i rats MapKwv 
Iovvl(dv j vlov Kal 7rarpos 

Smyrna in L,3 7 dia. (Bockh, C. I. G. 3146.) 



who was probably a relative of his. He was distinguished as an orator. His 
proconsulship of Asia was probably during Vespasian's reign. Cf. no. 334; 
C. I. L. VI, 1984; X, 5405, 6637; Tac H. I, 90; II, 60; Quint. VI, 3, 78; 
VIII, 5, 19; XII, 5, 5-6; 10, 11 ; Front. De Aq. 102. 

1 Proconsul of Asia under Domitian (Mionnet, III, p. 94, no. 261 ; Suppl. 
VI, p. 132, nos. 357-360); in acta Fratrum Arvalium for the year 87 [C. I.L. 
VI, 2065). 

2 Given in a Pompeian triptych (Hermes XXIII (1888), p-159) as L. lunius 
Caesennius; proconsul of Asia under Domitian (LeBas, Voyage Arch. no. 
358). He was probably the son of L. Caesennius Paetus, consul in 61, with 
whom he has often erroneously been identified ; cf. no. 239. 

3 Cf. the Pompeian triptych, Hermes XXIII (1888), p. 159, which shows 
that the date of this inscription is previous to the eruption of Vesuvius in 79. 

* Cf. nos. 159 and 160. 

5 Cf nos. 61, 155, 156. 

6 See nos. 107, 258, 259; p. 19 (where read 'governor of Syria' instead of 
'proconsul of Asia' ); p. 54, note 1. 



Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 109 

Oeots 7raT/oo>oi[s 1 Kat] | 'AvroAAoovt ^Ap^rjyirrj j V7reo vyetas Kat | 
croyTrjptas M.api<[ov] I OuA7rtou Tpatavo[v] j rov evepyirov Trjs | TroXews Kat 
ywatKos j avroG ko1 t£kvojv | 'ApTe/Awi/ 'A/jre/xwvos | ev^apLcrTia^ ^veKev. 
Island of Myndus. (£«//. afe G?rr. /te//. XII (1888), p. 281.) 

2§9* 'Y7T€p T^S TOU [KV/atOU 17/XWv] | AvTOKp&TOpOS Tt [tOV Kat ] | CTapOS 

vyirjas Kat Sta/xoV^s t^s | PaytatW rfye/xovias aTroKaTe<TTa,\6r) to fiXafiev 
TTCjOtTet^tcr/xa rov AvjyovcrTr/ov Siara^ai/Tos MapKOv OuA,7rt |ov Toatai/oG rov 
avOvTrarov iTrifxtXr) Oivros ILofXTroivtov Bacnrov 2 tov 7rpeo~(3ev\ [rov] tyjs £itl* 
Xoprjyias ysvo/xev^s ck tuv | [teow] v 7rpoor68(ov ypa/jL/JLOLTevovros Aov j [Ktou] 
Eppevtou Ilepeyoetj/ou ayvov to /3 . 
Ephesus in Ionia. (Bull, de Corr. Hell. X (1886), p. 95.) 

^60. Ti. Plautio M. f. Ani. | Silvano Aeliano, | pontif. , sodali 
Aug., j Illvir. a. a. a. f. f., q. Ti. Caesaris, | legat. leg. V in Ger- 
matiia, | pr. urb., legat. et comiti Claud. | Caesaris in Brittannia, 
consuli, I procos. Asiae, legat. pro praet. Moesiae, | in qua plura 
quam centum mill. | ex numero Transdanuvianor. | ad praestanda 
tributa cum coniugib. | ac liberis et principibus aut regibus suis | 
transduxit. Motum orientem Sarmatar. | compressit, quamvis 
parte magna [sic] exercitus | ad expeditionem in Armeniam misis- 
set. I Ignotos ante aut infensos p. R. reges signa | Romana ado- 
raturos in ripam, quam tuebatur, | perduxit. Regibus Bastarnarum 
et I Rhoxolanorum filios, Dacorum fratrum [sic] | captos autbosti- 
bus ereptos remisit ; ab | aliquis eorum opsides accepit ; per quern pa- 
ceni I provinciae et coufirmavit et protulit [sic] ; | Scytharum quo- 
que regem [sic] a Cherronensi, | quae est ultra Bor listen en, opsi- 
dione summoto. | Primus ex ea provincia magno tritici modo | 
aunonam p. R. adlevavit. Hunc legatum in in [sic] Hispaniam 
ad praefectur. urbis remissum | senatus in praefectura triumpha- 
libus I ornameutis honoravit, auctore Imp. | Caesare Augusto Ves- 
pasiano, verbis ex | oratione eius q. i. s. s.: 

Moesiae ita praefuit, ut non debuerit in | me differri honor tri- 



1 Cf. Paton and Hicks, Inscriptions of Cos, no. 80. 

2 T. Pompouius Bassus, consul under Domitian in year unknown, legate 
ofGalatia and Cappadocia about 95-101. Pliny wrote Ep. IV, 23 to him. 
Cf. C. I. L. Ill, 309, 377, 6896, 6897, 6899; VI, 1492 ; XI, 1 147, P- HI, 11- 13, 
53 ; coins of Asia ap. Mionnet. 



no Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 

umphalium eius | ornamentorum ; nisi quod latior ei | contigit 
mora titulus praefecto urbis. 

Hunc in eadem praefectura urbis Imp. Caesar j Aug. Vespasi- 
anus iterum cos. fecit. 

Tibur in Latium. (C. 1. L. XIV, 3608.) 

We know from Tacitus 1 that Aelianus was in Rome on June 21 , 
70, and offered up the prayer as pontifex maximus when the cor- 
ner stone of the new Capitol was laid. Nothing is known of his 
legateship of Spain ; he may even have resigned it for the prefec- 
ture of the city before having left Rome. 

The eulogistic words of the oratio, in which Vespasian asked tri- 
umphal ornaments for him from the senate, refer to his legateship 
of Moesia during the reign of Nero, the acts and results of which 
are described above in the inscription. 

Aelianus was suffect consul for the first time in 47, 2 and procon- 
sul of Asia under Nero. 3 He was again suffect consul early in 
Janua^, 74,* Vespasian probably resigning in his favor soon after 
the beginning of the year. 5 This date fixes the time of his pre- 
fecture of the city. 6 

26l . [A v\ to [xp] a [roj pa K [at'] crap [a O] v j tcnracriavbv 2e/3acrrov ? 
tov o-oi\r~\\rjpa koi ev€py£\rrf\v tov ko[ct] fxov, j Hav#iW 17 /3ov\r) kcu 6 
Srj/xos j [Si] a ^££o~tov Map/aov [TLpei~\(TKOv | [71-] peafievTOv olvtov, olvtl- 
[ctt] paTrjy [ov] 

Xanthus in Lycia. (Bockh, C. I. G. 4270.) 



[A^TOKparopt Kai'crapi] Ov [ecr] it [acrta] v [a>] % [e/3acr] rep, [rep 
croiTrjpL kcu evtpyirrj tov koct/xov, Hav0iW vj /3ov\rj Ka] t 6 [S] rj/xo<s 8ta 



1 H. IV, 53- 

2 Cf. C. I. L. X, 825. 

3 Cf. LeBas, Voyage Arch. no. 600 a. 

4 Cf no. 311. 

5 Compare the case of Iy. Plotius Gryphus. p. 117, note 5. 

6 For a discussion of the first part of the above inscription, and the life of 
Aelianus, see Dessau, C. I. L. XIV, p. 394; Prosopographia, III, p. 47, no. 
363 ; Henzen, Ann. Inst. Arch. 1859, P- 5 ff- 



Officers, Soldiers, Etc. in 

%€$arov MapK.[iov II] peccrKov irp [eo-] fie [v] tov av [tov kcu avTicrTpaTrjyov] , 

reXet [<o](ravTos to Ipyov [tov Seivos] 

Xanthus in Lycia. (Bockh, C. I. G. 4271.) 

263. %i^arTov Map/aov I Upeio-Kov, Trpecrfiev [rrf\ v \ AvTOKpctTopos 
KaiVapos I Ovecnracnavov Se/3aj cttov kcu -tolvtwv | AvTOKpaTopmv a,7ro [Tt-J | 
fieptov KaiVapos/ J tov SikciioSot^v | AvSarwv 6 S^/xos. 

Lydae in Lycia. (/. of Hell. Stud. X (1889), p. 73, no. 25.) 

Sex. Marcius Priscus, legate of Lycia during the reign of Ves- 
pasian, was suffect consul with Cn. Pinarius Aemilius Cicatricula, 
probably under Dornitian. 2 

264.. [17 7roAts] e \reLfxrjo~ev \ Aovkl] ov %epovr)viov Ao[vklov vlbv] 

[At/At] \uX KopVOVTOV, 3 Se^KOLvSpOv] [^7rJ l TOiV KXrjpOVOfXlKUiV SlKd \_aTr)pi- 

o)v] , [ Ta/xiav hrffAOV Pa)p,aiW e7ra [px €tas ] I Kv7rpoVj dyopavofxov, o~Tpa.Tr)- 
y [ov] , I -Tpecr(3evTrjV ko.1 avTio-TpaT-qyo [v] | MapKw 'Attoovi'o) Sarovpveiva/ 
'Ao-i[as] j e7rapxeta5, tov eavTrys evepyeTrjv. 

Near Acmonia in Phrygia. {A.J. of Arch. I (1885), p. 148.) 

265. A]evKiov ^epo-u^vio [v Acvklov vlbv] [AlfuXia Kop- 

vov~\tov 

Apollonia in Pisidia. (Sterrett, Wolfe Ex. to A. M. no. 533.) 

2©6. Aovklu) MecrTpto) $Acopw ° dv0U7raTu> Trapa [ Aovklov HofX7rY)LOV 
' A7ro\\u)VLOv Et^ecrioir 

M.vaTrjpta kcu Qvctlcu, Kvpie, Ka#' eKaorov | [k.t.A..] 

Kphesus in Ionia. (Bull, de Corr. Hell. I (1877), p. 289.) 



1 This statement is certainly erroneous. Marcius Priscus could not have 
been legate of L,ycia from Tiberius to Vespasian. The inscription comes 
from a manuscript copy by Mr. Bent, and some mistake was probably made 
by him in the transcription. 

2 Cf. nos. 37 and 104. 

3 Cf. L,eBas, Voyage Arch. nos. 750, 751, 756. 

4 Suffect consul under Nero in year unknown, governor of Moesia in 69, a 
partisan first of Vitellius, then of Vespasian. His proconsulship of Asia was 
probably during Vespasian's reign. Cf. Tac. H. I, 79; II, 85, 96; III, 5, 
9, 11 ; V, 26; C. I. L. VI, 2039-2042, 2044. 

5 With Otho's forces at Bedriacum, suffect consul in year unknown, a friend 
of Vespasian and of Plutarch. Cf. Suet. Vesp. 22; Plut. Otho, 14; Quaest. 
Conv. I, 9; III, 3-5; V, 7, 10; VII, 1, 2, 4, 6; VIII, 1, 2, 10. 



ii2 Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 

267. Cn. Pompeio | Collegae, | patrono co/. | d. d. 
Antioch in Pisidia. (C. /. L. Ill, 6817.) 

Cn. Pompeius Collega was legate of Galatia under Vespasian. 1 

S^8. P. Tullio P. f. Stel. Varroni, | Xvir. stlitib. iudicand., \ 
tr. mil. leg. VIII bis August., | q. urbano, pro q. provinc. | Cre- 
tae et Cyrenarum, | aedili pi., ] pr., legato divi | Vespasiani leg. 
XIII Geminae, | procos. provinc. Macedoniae, | P. Tullius Var- 
ro 2 | Optimo patri. 

Ager Viterbiensis in Ktruria. (C /. L. XI, 3004.) 

S^^ . ['ApaoYW] rj j3ov\[r) kcll 6 Srjfxos] | lvlov ^€kovv[8ovJ s 

[e7rap]^ov cnreLpr) 1 ; [©]pa[Kuiy | 7773] 10x775, eirap^ov | <ov, 

avreTTLTpo^Trov TLJ3e\pio] v 'IovXlov \AA [e] $ [avBpov 4 j e7r]a/o^ov [t]ov 'Iov- 
oai [kov (TTparov, | e7rir]po?TOv 5u/o[ias, ewap^ov iv | Aiy wrji-a) Aeyewvo? 

Island of Aradus. (Mommsen, Herm. XIX (1884), p. 644.) 

270. A. Caesennius Galli | 1. Henna, 5 | A. Caesennius Itali- 
cus, I Caesennia L. L, Erotis uxor, J fecerunt sibi et suis | lib., li- 
bert., posterisq. eorum | sepulchrum macereis circumclnsum, ] in 
fr. p. CCC, in agr. p. XCVI, q. f. iug. 

Ostia in Latium. (C. I. L. XIV, 730.) 

271. IyUsia M. f. Paullina, | Sex. Vettuleni Cerialis, | sibi et | 
M. Vergilio M. f. Ter. Gallo Lusio, | patri, prim. pil. leg. XI, 



1 Cf. no. 147. 

2 The son's name appears also in C. I. L. XI, 3364, whence is derived the 
supplement for the beginning of the above inscription. 

8 Mommsen {Hermes XIX (1884), p. 644) refers to C. Plinius Secundus — 
the elder Pliny — but this is improbable ; cf. Hirschfeld, Bull. deW Inst. 
Arch. Germ. 1887, p. 152 ; Dessau, Prosopographia, III, p., no. 51. 373. 

4 Made procurator of Judaea by Claudius ; prefect of Egypt 66-70. He was 
the first to cause the troops to swear allegiance to Vespasian — on the Kalends 
of July, 70, the day from which Vespasian dated the beginning of his prin- 
c ipate. Soon after, he returned to Judaea and held command in the army 
under Titus. Cf. Tac. Ann. XV, 28, H. I, 11; II, 74, 79; Suet. Vesp. 6; 
Jos. Antiq. XX, 5, 2; B. I. II, 11, 6; 15, 1 ; 18, 7-8; IV, 10, 6 ; V, 1, 6; 5, 3 ; 
12, 2; VI, 4, 3; Bockh, C. I. G. 4957; scarcely C. I. L. VI, 294. 

5 A freedman of the A. Caesennius Gallus of no. 146. 



Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 113 

praef. cohort. | Ubiorum peditura et equitum, donato | hastis pu- 
ris duabus et coronis aureis | ab divo Aug. et Ti. Caesare Aug., 
praef. fabr. | III, trib. mil. cohort, primae, idio/^go | ad Aegyp- 
tum, Ilvir. iterum, pontif., | A. L,usio A. f. Ter. Gallo, fratri, | 
trib. mil. leg. XXII Cyrenaicae, praef. equit. 

Venafrum in Samnium. (C /. L. X, 4862.) 

Sex. Vettulenus Cerialis was legate of the fifth Macedonica in 
the Jewish war. 1 The Cerialis of the following inscription was 
probably his son. 

2ys&. Ke/naAiv, AvroKp&Topos Ov [eo - ] Tracriavov Katcrapo? Se- 

/3aoTov 7rpe<i^vT7)v kol avTKTTpdTrjyov, 6 8a/xos. 

(Stephani, Melanges Greco-Romains, II, p. 236.) 

Perinthus (Heraclea) in Thracian Chersonese. 

This Cerialis, governor of Moesia under Vespasian, still held 
the post in 82, as is shown by a military diploma of that year. 2 In 
this diploma his fall name, C. Vettulenus Civica Cerialis, is given, 
removing all question of the identity of the governor of Moesia 
with Sex. Vettulenus Cerialis, legate of the fifth Macedonica. 
Civica Cerialis, while proconsul of Asia, was put to death by order 
of the emperor Domitian. 3 

273. C. Helvidius | C. f. Arn. | Prisco. 

Ager Praenestinus in Latium. (C. /. L. XIV, 2844.) 

274. C. Helvidius Priscus, arbiter | ex compromisso inter Q. | 
Tillium Kryllum, procurato|rem Tilli Sassi, 4 et M. Paquium Aula- 
nium, I actorem municipi Histoniensium, u|trisq. praesentibus iu- 
ratus sententiam | dixit in ea verba q. inf. s. s. 

Cum libellus vetus ab actoribus Histoniensium | prolatus sit, 
quem desideraverat Tillius | Sassius exhiberi, et in eo scriptum 
fuerit j eorum locorum, de quibus agitur, fa|ctam definitionem per 
Q. Coelium Gal|lum: M. Iunio Silano, L,. Norbano Balbo | cos., 



1 Cf. no. 12. 

2 C. I. L. Ill, p. i960. 

3 Cf. Tac. Agric. 42; Suet. Dom. 10. 

4 Cf. nos. 151, 152, 155, 159, 160. 



H4 Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 

VIII K. Maias, 1 inter P. Vaccium Vitulum, | auctorem Histoni- 
ensium fundi Heriani|ci, et Titiam Flaccillam, proauctorem Tiljli 
Sassi fundi Vellani, a(ctum) e(sse) in re praesenti | de controver- 
sia finium, ita ut utrisq. | dominis turn fundorem praesentibus | 
Gallus terminaret, ut primum palum | figeret a quercu pedes circa 
undec|im, abesset an tern palus a fossa — neque | apparet quod pe- 
des scripti esseut | propter vetustatem libelli interrupti | in ea par- 
te, in qua numerus pedum | scri/>tus videtur fuisse : — inter fosjsam 
auteni et palum iter commune | esset, cuius proprietas soli Vacci 
Vituli esset. | Ex eo palo e regione ad fraxinum notatam pal|um 
fixum esse a Gallo et ab eo palo e regione ad | snperciliu(m) ulti- 
mi lacus Serrani in partem sinisteriojr*??;* ^ferectam finem ab eo- 
dem Gallo. 

Buca in Frentani. (C. I. L. IX, 2827.) 

The C. Helvidius Priscus of these inscriptions is probably iden- 
tical with the Helvidius Priscus who was praetor at the time of the 
laying of the corner stone of the Capitol in 70, the son-in-law of 
Thrasea, and one of the boldest of the 'republicans'. 2 The omis- 
sion of the list of his offices and honors in no. 273 may be due to 
the fact that he died in exile. 3 Dessau, 4 as further proof of the 
identification, quotes the statement of Tacitus, 5 that Helvidius 
Priscus was from Cluviae. We know that Cluviae was a munici- 
pality of the Arnensian tribe, to which the C. Helvidius Priscus 
of the first inscription above belonged. The inscriptions may, how- 
ever, refer to the father or son of Helvidius Priscus, the praetor. 

275. toni, equo publ. j Aug., pontifici, Ilviro 

qu'mg., \firaef. Imp. Vespasiani Caesar. Aug., \ pubWce ex deer. | 
dec. et I populi voluntat. 

Berytus in Syria. (C /. L. Ill, 170.) 



1 April 24, 19. 

2 Cf. Tac. H. II, 91 ; IV, 4-6, 43, 53 5 Suet. Vesp. 15- 

3 Cf. Suet. Vesp. 15. 

* C. I. L. XIV, 2844, note. 
5 H. IV, 5. 



Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 115 

276. C. Betitio C. iil. | Cor. Pietatz, | praef. coh. "Prim. | Fla- 
viae Commag-e\nvrum , q., Illlvir. i. d., | ///Ivir quinquenn., \ Be- 
titius Pius, filius, \ patri Optimo, el | iVeratia Proci//<z | viro optimo 
fecerunt. (C. I. L. IX, 1132.) 

Near Aeclanurn in Hirpini. 

The cohort Prima Flavia Commage?iorum must have been 
formed or so named by Vespasian after the reduction of Comma - 
gene to a province, in 72-73. 1 C. Betitius Pietas was probably 
prefect during Vespasian's reign, or soon after. The son, Betitius 
Pius, was curator of public works at Venusia under Hadrian. 2 

277. Sex. Appio Sex. filio Volt. | Severo, | Illlviro viarum 
curandarum, | tribuno milit. leg. Ill Gallicae, [ sodali Titio, 
quaestori | T. Vesp. Caesaris Augusti fili, 3 1 /atri piissimo, | Appia 
Sex. fil. Severa, Ceioni Commodi. (C I. L. VI, 1348.) 

278. Appiae Sex. f. Severae, | Ceioni Commodi, cos., | VHvir. 
epulonum. (C. I. L. VI, 1349.) 

L. Ceionius Commodus, the husband of Appia Severa, was con- 
sul ordinarius in 78.* 

279. T. Rutilio I Varo, | trib. mil. leg. | V Macedonia , | 
praefecto alae Bos(poranorum), | q. divi Vespasiani, | aed. cur., 
com. Imperato. , | patrono, | d. d. 

Nola in Campania. (C /. L. X, 1258.) 

28©. Q. Glitio P. f. Stel. | Atilio Agricolae, cos. II, | VIIvx- 
ro epulonum, sodali | Augustali Claudiali, legat. pro pr. | Imp. 
Nervae Caes. Traian. Aug. Ger. Dacici j provinc. Pannon., do- 
nato ab eodem | bello Dacico donis militaribus, corona | murali 
vallari classic, aurea, hast. | puris IIII, vexillis IIII, legato pro 
pr. j provinc. Belgic. divi Nervae, leg. | leg. VI Ferrat., leg. His- 



1 Cf. p. 105, note 2; Suet. Vesp. 8; Hckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. Ill, p. 252. 

2 Cf. C. I. L. IX, 1160-1162. 

3 Cf. no. 70. 

4 Cf. no. 155. 



n6 Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 

pan. citerior., | praetori, aedili curuli, q. \ divi Vespasiani, trib. 

mil. leg. | I Italicae, Xviro stlit. hidic, seviro eq. R., 

Augusta Taurinorum in Liguria. (C /. L. V, 6977.) 

There is a number of these inscriptions, 1 found at Augusta 
Taurinorum, all very similar, though some were carved at an ear- 
lier date than this. Some of them, at least, were dedicated by 
states of the provinces that Agricola had governed. 2 Agricola 
was consul for the second time in 103. 3 

281. Q. Caesio Q. f. | Fal. Fistulano, | curatori oper. | pub- 
licor. dato | a divo Aug. Vespasian., | aed., q., Ilvir., praef. 
fabr., I Cisonia L,. f. Firmilla, | uxor, pecun. sua, | et Q. Caesi Op- 
tandi, f. sui. | Cisoniae Firmill. | L. d. d. d. 

Nola in Campania. (C. I. L. X, 1266.) 

282. fisci et curatori divi Titi in Bae|tica, prae/. 

Galleciae, praef. fisci | Germaniae Caesarum Imp., tribujno leg. 
VIII, flamini Augustali | in Baetica primo 

Castulo in Hispania Tarraconensis. (C. I. L. II. 3271.) 

283. ^>ra:uratori j divi F<?spasiani et divi 

Titi, I Augustales. | L. d. d. d. 

Nola in Campania. (C /. L. X, 1261.) 

284. I cohort. I Breucor., I trib. mil., proc. | 

divi Titi, Alexan|driae agonothetae certaminis penta|heterici bis, | 
ex testamento | Domestici lib., | heredes, | C. Caecilius Fronto 
et I M. Flavius Urbanus. (C /. L. II, 4136.) 

Tarraco in Hispania Tarraconensis. 

285. M. Carantius Macrinus, centurio coh. | primae urba- 
nae, I factus miles in ead. cohorte, Domitiano II cos., 4 I beneficiar. 



1 C. I. L. V, 6974-6987. 

2 C. I. L. V, 6984-6987. 

3 Cf. C. I. L. Ill, p. 864. An inscription of a slave of his is given in 
C. I. L. VI, 14740. 

4 73- 



Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 117 

Tettieni Sereni, 1 leg. Aug., Vespas. X cos., 2 | cornicular. Corneli 
Gallicani, 3 leg. Aug., equestrib. | stipendis, Domit. Villi cos.,* 
item Minici Rufi, 5 legati Aug., | evocatus Aug., Domit. XIIII 
cos., 6 centurio, Imp. Nerva II cos., 7 t. p. i. 

Near Geuava in Gallia Narbonensis. (C. /. L. XII, 2602.) 

286. Leg. Ill Cyr. , | centuria Iuli Saturnini, Imp. | Tito 
VIII cos., a. XXII, I T. Cominius Bassus, Da|masco, militavit 
an|nos XXII, vixit annos | XXXX, h. e. s. 

Alexandria in Egypt. (C. I. L. Ill, 6603.) 

Date, 80. 

287. Deo MHAYZEI 8 mensam, | C. Minutius Laetus, vetran. | 
leg. VII C. P. F., pro se et suis | v. s. 1. m., | Imp. Vespasiano 

VII COS. I 'AvTtO^eOS TYj<5 7T/0OS /\dcf}VY)V | ToSe SlOpOV, 

Philippopolis in Thrace. (C. /. L. Ill, 6120.) 

Date, 76. 



1 T. Tettienus Serenus, suffect consul with C. Scoedius Natta Pinarianus 
in year unknown (Borghesi, Oeuv. V, p. 311, conjectured 83), was probably 
legate of Gallia Lugdunensis, since the first urban cohort, created by Ves" 
pasian, had its camp at Lugdunum during the period of the Flavian emper- 
ors (see Mommsen, Eph. Ep. V, p. 118-120. ). The same is true of Cornelius 
Gallicanus and Minicius Rufus. For Tettienus Serenus, see also C. I. L. 
VI, 163 and 1984; perhaps a freedman of his is named in C I. L. VI, 2184, 
1. 6, and X, 531. 

2 Since Vespasian died during his ninth consulship, either the X is an er- 
ror for IX, or Vespasian is given by mistake as consul in 80. The former 
seems more probable ; the date would then be 79. 

3 Suffect consul in 84 (C. I. L. Ill, p. 1963); cf. also C. I. L. XI, 1147. 

4 83. 

5 Consul in 88 with Domitian, and, after the resignation of the emperor, 
with Iy. Plotius Gryphus. Cf. C. I. L, VI, 541, 2065 ; four, of Hellenic 
Studies, IV (1883), p. 432; Bull. Com. 1887, p. 188; Censorinus, 17, it; 
Pliny, Ad Trai. 72. 

6 88. 

7 Nerva was consul for the second time in 90 with Domitian. He is here 
named alone with the later title of Imperator honoris causa. This serves to 
fix the date of the inscription during his reign. For Nerva, cf also nos. 161, 
168, 242. 

8 See Roscher, Lexikon der griech. u. rom. Myth. II, col. 2519. 



1 1 8 Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 

288. L. Arrio j Macro, | veterano, I milit. ann. XXXVI, in 
aere inciso ab | divo Vespasiano, | decurioni Aquileiae, j Arria L. 
lib. Trophime patrono v. f. j sibiq. et suis, | C. Vario Arriano, 
armor. XV, ab amico deceptus. 

Aquileia in Venetia. (C. I. L. V, 889.) 

289. Augusto, I Paci perpetuae et Concordiae | Augustae, 
Q. Vibius Felicio, sevir, et | Vibia Felicula, rninistra tutelae j Au- 
gustae, I d. s. p. d. d. (C. I. L. II, 3349.) 

Xear Mancha Real in Hispania Tarraconensis. 

This inscription is almost certaiuh r to be assigned to the reign 
of Vespasian, on account of the formation of the letters. It would 
seem that, together with the cult of Augustus by the seviri Angus- 
tales, there was combined the cult of tutela Augusta by the wives 
or daughters of the seviri. 

290. ♦ 'qd>L(TfJLa"j . J la irpb KaA(av8a>v) 'A^pecta'cov I ypacb op.eva») 
7rap7}<r(av) QovXovlos ITpoySoSj Aovkios ITovSr/?. Xea— oX 'iravo?) ITovA^ep- 
7TZ.pl ov TrpocTavijveyKCv reus ev 7rpoo~KXrjT(i) Kopv?;Ato9 Kep [4] aAis 6 
apx(cov), TTtpl tovtov tov Trpay/xaro? OVTOJS eVT)p€<TTr)(T€V AiKLVLW IIoAAiWi 
dvBpl tov 7;/xerep(ov') raypxiTos Trarpos re (SovXevTov e-i£t/<a>s <au clouds 
rrjs 7roA.€tus avaypacp erovros ) tottov ets <rjh : ecavj ScSooAu, ov av 01 7rpocr- 
77 kovtcs avTov lAtovrcu iKTos J twv tepcov 77 p.£pj.o~6(u)p.evu)v) tottoiv, 
Ai/3 aywrov) re A/trpas) k' ets 77a.pap.v6 . tav) tu>v yovewv. 

C. Licinius Proclus et Meclonia j C. f. Secundilla, parentes. j 
L. d. d. d. (C. L L. X, 1489.) 

Xaples in Campania. 

This decree of the decurions of Xaples grants a place for the 
burial of Licinius Pollio, son of C. Licinius Proclus. The latter 
is scarcely to be identified with the Licinius Proculus who was prae- 
torian prefect under Otho. 1 The approximate date of the decree 
is fixed by the fact that the names of Cornelius Cerialis, Lucius 
Pudens, and Fulvius Probus also appear in a similar decree, of 
the year 71, which here follows. 

1 Cf. Tac. H. I. 46. 82, S7; II, 33, 39. 40, 44, 60; Pint Otho, 7, 8, 11, 13 ; 
Zon. XI, 15. 



Officers, Soldiers, Etc. 119 

2«JJ!. Terrta Kacrra tcpct'a f.[o9) | twv yvvaiKwv oikov Sta 

/Jtov 1/07$ [icr/xaTa] . | 'E7rt v7raVttV Kato-apos ^tfia&Tov vlov Ao/jutl [avov Kat 
racov] J OvaXepiov Qrjo~TOV l iS' A^vatcovos' 2 ypacp [op,eva)v wapyjcrav] j AovKtos 

^pouyt, Kopv^Atos KeptaAts, 'Iowtos | 7rept ov TrpovavrjveyKtv rots 

ev 7rpo<TKX77Ta» TpavKOviAAtos c Poi)<pos 6 avrapxeov, Trcpt tov [tov tov trpdy- 
/xaros oirrcos evep corner ev] | tt)v yvoop-^v a7rdvT(ov 6p,oAoyo9vTas Kotvr/v ctvat 
Aw^v T77V TrpofJLOipov TeTTtas Ka [eras TcAevTrjv, yvvatKos <piAoTtp,770-ap,e-] 
v?7S €t5 re tt]V twv airavTuiv evcre/Suav Kat ets tt)v t^s 7rarptSos euvotav, 
apyvpoiv avBpidvTO)v dve [KAet7rTOts dvaoraVets rots 0eots 77-0177] |crap,ev?7S 7rpos 
to fJL€ya\o{J/v^(D<s evepyerrjerat ttjv 7roAtv, Ti/xav dvopidvrt Kat dcTTriSt eyy [eypap> 
/Aevri TeTTtav Kdorav Kat ^an-reiv avrrjv] j Scnrdvr) fxkv Brj/Jiocria, eVt/xeActa 8c 

tuv 7rpocry]K6vT(iiV, ovs Svcr^epis ko~Tiv Trapa/xvOrjcracrOai St [a Kat 

to] \ttov ets KriSetav StSoo'&u Kat ets raura e£o8td£eiv. 'E7rt VTrdriov Katcrapos 

%€.fiao~rov \ylov Aop,tTtavov Kat Tatov OvaXepiov ^iqo-rov 7rpo 

KaA(avSujv)] 'IovAtcov ypacjiOfiivoiv Traprjo-av Tpdvios Pottos, AovKtos 
IlovSris, IIo7r7rat[os Seoui/pos] . [ Ilept ov irpoo-avrjvevKev rot? cv 7rpoo~i<XrJTu> 
3?ovA/3tos IIpo/^os 6 apyoiv, ire.pl tovtov tov 7r[pdy/xaros ourcos evrjpzo-Trjcrev 
Tr)V fxkv cts tov dvSptdvra] | Brj/xoo-tav Sairdvrjv, tjv 17 (3ovXrj crvfiTraOovaa 
iij/r)<l>LO~aTa Tcttlo. Kdara, ev [c^etv agtov Se Kat eVatveo-at avTrjv Kat are- 
<pavcoo-at] I ^pvo"co OTe<pdvto jxapTvpovvTas avrrjv t<2 /3t'a> Srip-ocrta) €7rat[va> 

on] j 'E7rt vivaTtov Aovklov <&Xolovlov <frtp./3pta Kat AretAtov Bap- 

fidpov 3 -- [ypa(pop.ev<ov Traprjaav] 'Aptarcov Bvkkov, 'AoutAAtos Ap- 

ptavos, Ouepptos Aet/3[cpdAis* | 7rep] 1 ov 7rpoo-avrjv£VK€v tois ev 7rpoJKA->7Ttt> 
'IovAtos Actoveta [v] 6 [s 6 ovt\ dpx [wv, 7rept tovtov tov Trpdy/xaTos ovtcos 
cvr/pecTT^o'ev] [Tcrr^ta T07rov cts KiySetav d,7ro tot) Tet^ovs ev p:eTW7ra) 

fJL^XP L i KovTa e£ oiKoSo/xetv €7rtTpe7reiv Kat a7ro t^s 

o"T[>;Ar79 ets TravTaypcre dAAa> p-^Sevt KrjSetav | e7rt] tu avTw T07ra» 8t8oo"- 

^at. j AofxcTLOL Ae7riS[os Kat] | Ty fxrjTpl Kat A. Ao/x. [trios 

T77 ywaiKt €7roir;o-av] . * (B6ckh, C. /. G. 5^3S == 

Vaglieri, kSV//. ^>2^. Orb. Rom. II, p. 258, no. 1735.) 
Date, June, 71. Naples in Campania. 

1 See no. 27. 

2 May and beginning of June. 

3 O^ no. 310. 

4 See Vaglieri, Syll. Epig. Orb. Rom. II, p. 258, no. 1735, for Latin tran- 
scription, and Bockh, C. I. G. 5838, for notes. 



120 Slaves and Freedmen. 

SLAVES AND FREEDMEN. 

292. Bellone, | Stephanus Imp. | Vespasiani Caesaris j Aug. 
(servus) | v. s. 1. m. (C /. L. XI, 1315.) 

Luna in Etruria. 

293. Securitati | cognitionis suae, | Fortunatus Aug. 1., | ver- 
na paternus, | ab epistulis | accensus patron. | divo Aug. Vespa- 
siano, | lictor curiat., | viat. honor, dec. cos. et pr., | et sibi et | 
Kpaphrodito Aug. 1., | ab epistulis, fratri suo. 

(C. /. L. VI, 1887.) 

294. Caes. Vespasiani | signum liberi paltris. 1 

Berytus in Syria. (C. I. L. Ill, 160.) 

295. Kutacto I Aug. lib., proc, | accenso delat. | ab divo Ves- 
pasiano, | patri optimo, | Clemens, filius. (C. I. L. VI, 1962.) 

296. Aepolo I Imp. T. Aug. disp. | Galbiano, | Gemina Feli- 
cia, I coniunx, et | C. Geminus Spes, f., | b. m. posuerunt. 

(C. /. L. VI, 8819.) 

297. Herculi sacr. | Daphnus, Imp. | T. Caes. Aug. Ves- 
pa|siani ser. pecul(iaris), 2 | vilicus praedior. | Peduceanor., | d. d. 

(C /. L. VI, 276.) 

298. Silvano 3 sac. | Successus Agathemer^, | Imp. T. Caesa- 
ris Aug. I ser. | /aterni, vicarius, | ^otum posuit. 

Ostia in L,atium. (C. I. L. XIV, 50.) 

299. Isidi sacr. j Crescens, | Caesaris | Vespasiani 4 (servus), | 
ex viso posuit. (C /. L. VI, 346.) 

300. Aprilis Lampadar, | Titi Caesaris ser., | vix. annis 
XX. I Diadumenus et lanuarius, | ser. Titi Caesaris, | fratri suo 
posuerunt. (C. /. L. VI, 8867.) 

1 Not certainly genuine. 

2 A slave of a slave ; practically equivalent to the vicarius of no. 298. Cf. 
Digest. XXXXIX, 17, 6. 

3 Cf. no. 89. 

* Probably Titus, since Vespasian would scarcely be so styled, even in a 
rude inscription of the lower classes. 



Miscellaneous. 121 

301. Iulia Sabina | vixit annis XXV. | Ianuarius, | Domitiani 
Caesarisl., | scriba cub(icularius), contubernali | optumae fecit. 

(C. /. L. VI, 8768.) 

302. Persicus, lib. | manumissus at consilium 1 procuratorio 
nomine | aput Domitianum Caesarem in secund<? cos., 2 exercuit | 
decurias duas viatoria^et lictoria consulares, | C. Cornelio Persico, 
f., habenti equum publicum, | Corneliae Zosimae, matri eius, ha- 
benti ius quat|tuor liberorum beneficio Caesaris, libertis liber|ta- 
busque, liberis eorum posterisque suis eorumve. 

(C. /. L. VI, 1877.) 

Inscriptions, chiefly sepulchral, have been found of a great 
number of freedmen of Vespasian and Titus that can be recog- 
nized as such by the name T. Flavius and the fact that they 
were Augusti liberti. It would be an almost endless and certainly 
profitless task to transcribe these. Among the inscriptions of 
the city of Rome, where they are naturally most numerous, 
nearly one hundred were noted, in a search that was by no means 
exhaustive. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

INSCRIPTIONS ON STATUE OF MKMNON. 

On the statue or colossus of Memnon at Thebes in Egypt a 
number of inscriptions has been carved by those who visited it 
and heard the sound given forth by it when touched by the rays 
of the morning sun. 3 These inscriptions range in date from 69 to 
196. The following were carved during the reigns of Vespasian 
and Titus. 



1 On the consilium instituted by the Lex Aelia Sentia in the year 4 to reg- 
ulate the manumission of slaves, see Haenel, Corpus Legum ante Iustini- 
anum Latarum, p. 20 ff. ; Puchta, Instil. II, $ 213, 2. 

2 73- 

3 See C. I. L. Ill, p. 9 ff. ; Roscher, Lexikon der griech. undrom. Myth. 
II, col. 2661 ff. 



122 Miscella neous. 

303. Ti. Iulius I Lupus, 1 pr. Ae£\, \ audi yLemno?iem | hora 
I et (C. /. L. Ill, 31.) 

Date, early in Vespasian's reign. 

304. Iy. Iunius Calvinus, | praef. montis Benmic., 2 | audivi 
Memnonem cuw | Minicia Rustica, uxore, XV | K. Apriles, hor. 
II, anno IV 3 Imp. n. | Vespasiani Augus. 

Date, March 18, 72. (C. /. L. Ill, 32.) 

305. T. Suedius Clemens, 4 | praef. eastror. , | audi Memmno- 
ne(m) | — II Idus Novembres, | anno II T. Imp. n. 

Date, November 7- 11, 79. (C /. L. Ill, 33.) 

306. L. Tanicius L. f. Vol. Verus, Viennae, | centurion leg. 
Ill Cyr., audi Memmnone(m) VII Idus | Novembr., anno HIT. 
Imp. n., et VII K. Ianuar., | et XVIII K. Febr., et IV non. eas- 
dem, etV Idus | easd., et XIII K. Mart., et VII K. Mart., et 
VII Id. Mart., ! et VII Idus Ian. bis, anno HIT. Imp. Aug., | et 
XV K. Mart., et VII Idus easdem, h. II, | et VIII Idus Apriles, 
ann. eiusdem, | item IV Non. Iunias, anni eiusdem, h. I. 

Date, November 7, 80 — June 2, 81. (C. I. L. Ill, 34.) 

The dates January 7 and February 15, 81, do not appear in or- 
der, and March 9 is written twice. Mommsen 5 suggests, as an 
explanation, that Verus did not carve the inscriptions on each 
date separately, but all at one time. 



1 Prefect of Egypt early 111 Vespasian's reign ; he closed the temple of the 
Jews there, and died during his prefecture. Cf. Jos. B. I. VII, 10, 2, 4; 
Pliny, N. H. XIX, \ n ; perhaps Kaibel, Inscr. Gr. Sicil. Hal. 242 1 2 . 

3 Berenice, on the Red sea, under the empire formed a district in itself, 
with its own prefect. Cf C. I. L. Ill, 55 ; X, 1129; Orelli, 3881. 

8 According to the Egyptian chronology, the first year of an emperor ran 
from the date on which he received the tribunician power until the 29th of 
August following ; the remaining years were regular from that date. See 
Mommsen, Rdm. Chrotiolog. p. 262. 

* Cf. nos. 76, 307-309. 

5 C. L L. Ill, 34. 



Miscella neous. 123 

WALL INSCRIPTIONS OF POMPEII. 

Of the wall inscriptions of Pompeii, very few can be definitely 
assigned to the reigns of Vespasian and Titus. 

307. M. Epidium Sabinum, d. i. die, o. v. f. Dig. est. | De- 
fensorem colotiiae ex sententia Suedi dementis, 1 sancti iudicis, | 
consensu ordinis ob merita ems et probitatem dignum rei pnblicae 
faciat. I Sabinus, dissignator, cum plausu facit. 

(C. /. L. IV, 768.) 

308 M. Epidium Sabinum | ex sententia Suedi Clementis 
d. v. i. d. I o. v. f. (C. /. L. IV, 791.) 

309. M. Epidium | Sabinum | Ilvir. iur. die. o. v. f., dig- 
num iuvenum. | Suedius Clemens, sanctissimus | iudex, facit vici- 
nis rogantibus. (C. I. L. IV, 1059.) 

The name of M. Epidius Sabinus appears in many others of 
these wall inscriptions, several of which are fragments of the same 
sort of electioneering devices. 2 There is also a fragment of a 
wall inscription 3 in which the letters Vespa are plain. The in- 
scription is too fragmentary and broken to be understood. 

TESSERAE CONSUL ARES. 4 

310. Salvius I Calpurni | sp., XIII K. Aug., | L. Flavio 
Fim(bria), C. Ati(lio) (cos.). 5 (C. /. L. I, 773.) 

Date, July 20, 71. Rome. 

311. Maximus | Valeri | sp., Id. Ian., | T. Caes. Aug. f. Ill, 
Aelian. 6 II (cos.). (C /. L. I, 774.) 

Date, January 13, 74. Rome. 



1 Cf. nos. 76, 305, 308, 309. 

2 E. g. t C. I. L. IV, 1030, 1032. 

3 C. I. L. IV, 1278. 

4 On the tessarae consular es or gladiatoriae, see Mommsen, C. I. L. I, 
p. 195 ; Hiibner, Eph. Ep. Ill, pp. 161-163. 

5 Cf. no. 291. 

6 See no. 260. 



124 Miscellaneous. 

INSCRIPTIONS ON AMPHORAE FROM POMPEII. 

312. Surr(entinum) | XXI. | Vespasiano III | et filio cos. 
Date, 71. 1 {CI. L. IV, 2555.) 

313. Surr(entinum) Fabian(um) 2 | Imp. Vesp. IV cos. 
Date, 72. (C /. L. IV, 2556.) 

314. Vesvini. 3 | Imp. Vesp. VI cos. 

Date, 75. (C. /. L. IV, 2557.) 

315. Vesvin. | Iwp. Vesp. VI cos. 

Date, 75. (C. /. L. IV, 2558.) 

316. Vesuvini. | Imp. Vesp. VI cos. 

Date, 75. (C. /. L. IV, 2559.) 

3^7- ^' I To/iartbfu } QXaovuivov ,* | IIo/>i7retov j StXovavov 5 /3\ 6 
Date, 74? (C. /. L. IV, 2560.) 

1 The third consulship of Vespasian was in 71, but his colleague was M, 
Cocceius Nerva. Mommsen ( C. I. L. IV, 2555, note) suggests that the in- 
scription should read Vespasiano II et filio, the date then being 70, when 
Vespasian and Titus were consuls. Henzen {Bull. delV Inst. Arch. Germ. 
1852, p. 95-96) thinks that through negligence the consuls were written who 
pertain to the same year, but not to the same time of the year, i. e. , Domitian 
was suffect consul in 71 with Cn. Pedius Cascus {cf. nos. 31-33). Garrucci, 
who reported the inscription (C. I. L. IV, 2555, note), conjectured that Nerva 
resigned before Vespasian and that Domitian took his place, thus bringing fa- 
ther and son together for a short time, and that the inscription dates during 
this period. Such resignations of one consul sometimes occurred {cf. p. 117, 
note 5, and no. 311), and may have taken place this time in order to give 
some honor to Domitian by making him consul with his father. The same 
difficulty arises in Pliny, N. H. II, \ 57, where the reading is Imperatoribus 
Vespasianis patre tertium filio II consulibus. Schoene {C. 1. L. IV, 2555, 
note) would delete II, and offer the same explanation as in this case — that 
of Henzen. It may be, however, that in the Pliny passage Titus is meant. 
He would have been in his second consulship in 71, if he had held the office 
that year, and his name may have been given through error or oversight. 

2 Perhaps Surrentine wine from the Fabian district or estate. 

3 Wine grown on Mt. Vesuvius, perhaps that which Pliny (TV. H. XIV> 
\ 70) calls Pompeianum. On the two forms of the name, see Galen, X, 123. 

4 Cf. no. 7. 

5 Cf. nos. 83 and 244. 

6 Henzen {Bull, delf Inst. Arch. Germ. 1862, pp. 217-219) shows that the 
/3' refers to both consuls. He advances three main arguments : ( 1 ) If the nu- 



Miscellaneous. 125 

318. Imp. Vespasiano III cos. | Propertianum. 1 | Amp. n. C. 
Date, 71. {Notizie degli Scavi, 1898, p. 497.) 

3x9. Imp. Vespasiano IIII (cos.). | Propertianum. | Amp. 

n. Cly {Notizie degli Scavi, 1898, p. 498.) 

Date, 72. 

INSCRIPTIONS ON PIGS OF I^EAD. 

320. Imp. Vesp. V, T. Imp. Ill cos. 

{on side} De Ceangi(s) 2 (metallis). (C /. L. VII, 1204.) 

Date, 74. Deva (Chester) in Britain. 

321. Imp. Vesp. Aug. V, T. Imp. Ill cos. 

{on side) De Ceangi(s) (metallis). (Epk. Ep. VII, H2 r ) 
Date, 74. Deva (Chester) in Britain. 

322. Imp. Vesp. VII, T. Imp. V cos. 

On side) De Cea(ngis) (metallis). (C /. L. VII, 1205.) 

Date, 76. Near Litchfield in Britain. 

323. Imp- Vespasian (i) Aug. 

{on side) Brit(annicum) ex arg(ento) ve 

Charterhouse on Mendip in Britain. (Epk. Ep. Ill, 121 a.) 8 

INSCRIBED BRICKS AND TILES. 

324. Fesp. Caes. Pansian(a). 

Albona in Dalmatia. (C. /. L. Ill, 32137.) 



merals referred only to Pompeius Silvan us, his name would have come first 
The argument is not strong ; while this may be the more general order, it 
would depend in many cases upon the relative prominence of the two men, 
or the will of the engraver or writer ; cf. Cic. De Senect. 5, 14 ; C. I. L. VI, 
2051, 1. 46; etc. (2) Tampius Flavianus was legate of Pannonia at the time 
of the accession of Vespasian, and this legateship was a consular office. 
(3) Tacitus (H. Ill, 4) speaks of Tampius Flavianus plainly as consularis. 

1 Wine from the Fropertian fundtis. 

1 Cf. Tac. Ann. XII, 32 ; perhaps the same as the Cenimagni of Caesar, 
De Bello Gallico, V, 21. 

3 The first line is found also in Eph. Ep. Ill, 121 b and c. 



126 Miscella n eous . 



Vesp. Caes. Pansian(a). (C. /. L. V, 8no 28 . ) 

This inscription occurs on several tegtdae, found at various 
places on the coast of Veuetia and Histria, from the so-called qffi- 
cina Pansiana} 

326. Iuliae Aug. 1. | Thallus. (C. /. L. XV, 1473.) 

It is uncertain whether L,ivia or Julia, the daughter of Titus, 
is meant. 

There is a considerable number of these inscribed bricks and 
tiles from the city of Rome that, from the form of the letters, are 
assigned to the time of Vespasian. 2 There is also a number be- 
longing to the two Domitii. 3 

INSCRIPTIONS ON MASSES OF MARBLE. 

3^7- Dom. Caes. II cos. (Wilmanns, 2771 i.) 

Date, 73. Rome. 

3^8. Imp. Vespasiano VI, | Tito Caes. IIII cos. 
(on opposite side) Ex rat(ione) L,aet. ser. , | n. LXXXV. 
Rome. (Wilmanns, 2772 a.) 

Date, 75. 

3^9. Imp. Vespasiano VII, | Tito Caesar. V cos. 
(on opposite side) isx rat(ione) Laeti ser., | n. XXXXII.* 
Rome. (Wilmanns, 2772 b.) 

Date, 76. 

330. Imp. T. Cae. VIII, | Domi/. C. VII | cos. | Ex rat(io- 
ne) Laeti Cae. (servi). 

(on opposite side) Ex rat. Laeti Caes. (servi), | n. XVIIII. 
Rome. (Wilmanns, 2772 c.) 

Date, 80. 



1 Once owned by Vibius Pansa, consul in 43 B. C; later, the property of 
the emperors. 

2 E.g., C. I. L. XV, 303-311, 357, 633, 634, 654, 655, 663, 664, 1271, 1273, 
1275-1277, 1281, 1282, 1287, 1289-1291, 1293. 

3 C. I. L. XV, 1 16-120, 987-1001. See nos. 25 and 26. 

i It seems that the numbering of the blocks of marble sent to Rome was 
begun anew each year. 



Miscellaneous. 127 

INSCRIPTIONS ON LEAD WATER PIPES. 1 

331. Imp. Aug. Vespasiani. 

Antium in Latium. (C /. L. X, 6684.) 

332. C. Licini Muciani. 2 (C. /. L. XIV, 2173.) 
On several lead water pipes from Aricia in L,atium. 

S33- D. Novi Prisci. 3 

Rome. (Bull. Com. 1889, p. 47, no. 1.) 

334. P. Galeri Trachak' 4 | XV. 

Rome. (Bull. Com. 1880, p. 326.) 

335- M. Arrecini dementis. 5 

Ariminum in Umbria. (C /. L. XI, 428.) 

UNCLASSIFIED. 

33©. Imp. Vesp. Aug. IIX, | T. Imp. Aug. f. VI cos., [ 
exaeta in Capito(lio). (C. I. L. X, 80673.) 

Date, 77. Herculaneum in Campania. 

337. Imp. Caesare | Vespas. VI, | T. Caes. Aug. f. IIII 
cos., I mensurae | exactae in | Capitolio, | p. X. 

Date, 75. (Wilmanus, 2767.) 

On a Farnesian congius. 

33^* I^y Ao/MTiavov [KatVapjos 7ny(^€ts) kS' 7r[aX(ato-rot) 

Elephantine in Egypt. (Bockh, C. I. G. 4863 b.) 

On a Nilometer. 6 



1 See Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, II, pp. 326-335. 

2 See no. 5. 

3 Cf. no. 155. 
* Cf. no. 253. 

5 Cf. nos. 169 and 174; L,anciani, Syll. Aquar. 1, 5, 7. 

6 See Bockh, C. I. G. Ill, p. 318. 



128 Frag m ents. 

FRAGMENTS. 

339. Imp. VespSLsiano | Caesari Aug. 

ilricia in Latium. (C /. L. XIV, 2160.) 

340. T. Im- I Au (C. I L. VI, 3753.) 

341. Imp. Titus J Vespas. Aug. 

Uncertain, now at Naples. (C. /. L. X, 1630.) 

34 2 - Imp. T. Vespasiano VIII, | Caesare Dom\\\.ano 

VII cos., \pub\ice p(ositus). (C. /. L. X, 1842.) 

Date, 80. Puteoli in Campania. 

343. Imp. T. V J Caesar | trib. pot | -. 

Herculaneum in Campania. (C /. L. X, 142 1.) 

344. gai I — Vespasmni et Titi i | legat. 

leg. VI V&rratae, \procos. provincial Siciliae, p 

Tibur in Latium. (C. /. L. XIV, 3617.) 

345- /mp. Caesari \ Vespasiano, \ pont. max., 

Tolentinum in Picenum. (C. I. L. IX, 6369.) 

346. Augustus — J — cos. V, desig. VI, p. p. — | — 

permisit. (C. I. L. X, 675.) 

Date, March -December, 74. * Surrentum in Campania. 

347. F<?spasian 

Nola in Campania. (C /. L. X, 1241.) 

348. J^pasiani Caesaris 

Near Atella in Campania. (C. /. L. X, 3731.) 

349. b nomine suo et | divi Vespasiani 

Ravenna in Aemilia. (C /. L. XI, 6.) 

350. equo public — | Hvir. qiim<\., flam — \patr. co- 
lon., praefe*:/. , | trib. mil. leg. X~KI Rapacis \ Imp. 

Caes. F^pasiani Aug. I resti 

Luna in Etruria. (C /. L. XI, 1342.) 

1 This fragment may, however, refer to Trajan. 



Fragments. 129 

351. Imp. Titus Gzesar divz /. | III, cos. 

VII/— (C /. Z. XI, 1018.) 

Date, 80. Tannetum in Aemilia. 

352. o I Vespa I Caesar 

Axirna in Alpes Graiae. (C. /. L. XII, 5712.) 

353- Vespasian 

Aventicum in Gallia Belgiea. (Orelli, 392.) 

354. Vespas 

Aventicum in Gallia Belgiea. (Orelli, 392.) 

355. Imp. Caes — | Vespas — | trib. pot. __ | su | popu 

Near Utica in Africa Procons. (C /. L. VIII, 1331.) 

356. Vespasiano Aug | p. p., cos. V | Aug 

Thevestein Numidia. (C. I. L. VIII, 1846.) 

357- Imp. Caesari Vespasiano Aug. | T. Caesari Ves- 

pasiano _ 

Thevestein Numidia. (C. /. L. VIII, 1847.) 

358. Imp. Caesari F^spasiano Aug. 

Theveste in Numidia. (C. I. L. VIII, 1848.) 

359. T. Caes Aug. f. F<?spasian 

Theveste in Numidia. (C. I. L. VIII, 16535.) 

360. Imp. I Vesp I Aug. I | I II 1 1 imp 

Kphesus in Asia Minor. (C. I. L. Ill, 7122.) 

361. Kpdr K I [Oueo-]7rao-iavo__ | Ttr 

Thebes in Boeotia. (C /. G. I, 2496.) 

3^52. Imp. T. Caesar ____ | pontif. max., trib. pot. 

Aegissus in Moesia Inferior. (C /. L. Ill, 6221.) 

$&$. Imp. Vespasian | M. Annio Afr | leg. 

Near Poetovio in Pannonia Superior. (C /. L. Ill, 4109.) 

364. /mp. Ves I Caesa 

Juvavum in Noricum. (C /. L. Ill, 5535.) 



ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 



Page 19. — In line 26, read 'governor of Syria' instead of 'pro- 
consul of Asia'. 

Page 37. — In line 15, read 'Q. Pactuineius Fronto' instead of 
'P. Pactumeins Fronto'. 

Page 91. — In line eight, read 'January-June' instead of 'Janu- 
ary-July'. 

Page 93. — In line one, the number should be 203, not 202. 
PAGE 121. — Under the head 'Inscriptions on Statue of Memnon', 
the following Greek inscription should have been given : 

365- [Ti/3epi]os KAca'Sios Hp j [tJkJovo-o. Me/xvov [os 

crw] J 'A^tAAet ko.1 I wpas a, Irovs rf A.vTo\_Kpa to- 

po]s Kaurapos Ovecnra(r[iavov 'XefSajcrTov, fxrjvl _ _ [jue] p-vrj- 

fxevos I kclI Aiorucr [7ov] | [ajvraiv. 

(Bockh, C. I. G. 4719.) 

Date, August 29, 75 -August 29. 76. 

Page 127. — Under the head 'Unclassified', the following Greek 
inscription should have been given : 

3^6. "E^a> e7rt Aoyw 7rapa 7rarpos | Not)(£is vir\p ^etpwva^iov 
Jt\ . \ ^veppis $L\ovp.evb<s eypa t//a L, AvroKparopos KcuVapos Ov- 
ccnrao-Lavov | 2e/3acrroi5, | Tvfil y . 

Elephantine in Egypt. (Bockh, C. I. G. 4863 b.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX OF INSCRIPTIONS. 



Jan. . . . 
Jan.-June 



March 6 
Oct. 13 . 
Nov. 17 



April 5 . . 

April 14-30 
Mar.-June 

Mch.-Dec. 
June . .' 
July 20 . . 
July-Dec. . 



Jan.-June . 

Mar. 18 . . 
July-Dec. . 
Oct. 12 . . 



70. 

Lex de Imperio Vespasiani, 2 

Construction or restoration of road in Sardinia, 125 

Dedication to Vespasian, 184 

Erection of altar to Vespasian, 190 

Diploma to 2nd Admtrix, 30 

. Dedication by federate corporations of Suburan tribe, . . 171 

Dedication by juniors of Suburan tribe, 175 

Dedication by federate corporations of Suburan tribe, . . 172 

Acta Arvalium, . . 151 

70-75. 

Municipal fasti, 168 

71. 

. Diploma to marines of fleet at Misenum, 31 

. Diploma to marines of fleet at Ravenna, 32 

. Diploma to marines, 33 

. Restoration of Claudian aqueduct, no 

. Dedication to Vespasian, 178 

. Dedication to Vesoasian, 186 

. Decree of decurions of Naples, 291 

Tessara consularis, 310 

Inscription relating to date of designation to censorship, . 48 

Repairs to streets of Rome, 113 

Dedication to Vespasian, 189 

Election of Titus to sodales Augustales Claudiales, . . . 161 

Dedication to nymphs, . 242 

Inscriptions on amphorae from Pompeii, 312, 318 

71-72. 

Dedication to Eprius Marcellus, proconsul of Asia, . . . . 246 
71-74. 

Tabula Feriarum Latin arum, 169 

72. 

Inscription relating to date of designation to censorship, . 47 

Dedication to Titus, 204 

Inscription on statue of Memnon, 304 

Dedication to Vespasian and sons, 28 

Epistle to Vanacinians, 85 

Acta Arvalium, 152 

Inscriptions on amphorae from Pompeii, 313, 319 



132 



J an. -Mar. 



Jan. -June . 
Mar. -June 



Mar.-Dec. 



July-June 



Jan. 13 . . 
Mar. -June 



Mar.-Dec. 
May 21 . 
July-Dec. 



Jan. -June . 
Mar. -June 



Mar.-Dec. 
<< 

July-Dec. 



Chronological Index of Inscriptions. 

72-73. 

Dedication to Vespasian, 183 

Dedication of arch to Titus by Viudonissenses, 203 

73. 

Inscription relating to date of censorship, 43 

Inscriptions relating to date of censorship, .... 44, 45, 46 

Tiber cippi, 86, 87 

Dedication to Vespasian, 187 

Dedication to Titus and Julia, 225 

Kstablishment of stationary camp at Carnuntum, .... 106 

Catolog of priests from Cyrene, 166 

Dedication to Domitian, 221 

Dedication to Jupiter, 243 

Inscription on mass of marble, 327 

73-74. 

Dedication to Titus, 200 

73-79. 

Restoration of temple of Victory at Varia, 99 

Unknown work of Vespasian, 97 

Dedication to Vespasian and sons, . 196 

74. 

Tessara consutaris, 311 

Settlement of boundary between Viennenses and Ceutronae, 79 
Repairs to road in Sardinia, 126, 127 

Inscription relating to grant of ius Latii in Spain, .... 56 

Fragment, 346 

Diploma to auxiliaries in Germany, 34 

Tiber cippus, 88 

Dedication to Vespasian, 191 

Milestone from Upper Germany, 129 

Inscriptions on pigs of lead from Britain, 320, 321 

Inscription on amphora from Pompeii, 317 

75. 

Inscription of Vespasian, 193 

Boundary stones of pomerium, 3, 4 

Restoration of vineyard to public, 75 

Construction and repair of roads in Asia Minor, . 142, 143, 144 

Work on road in Armenia Minor, 147 

Dedication to Vespasian, 182 

Fortification of Metskheta in Iberia, 29 

Dedication to Vespasian, 177 

Inscriptions relating to grant of ius Latii in Spain, 49, 50, 55 

Dedication for safety of emperors by overseers of granaries, 74 

Acta Arvalium, 153 

Inscriptions on amphorae from Pompeii, .... 314, 315, 316 

Inscription on mass of marble, 328 



Chronological Index of Inscriptions. 



133 



75-76. 

Aug.-Aug. . Inscription on statue of Memnon, 365 

76. 

Jan. -June . Construction or repair of road from Theveste to Hippo, . 139 

" . Erection of bridge on road from Carthage to Hippo, . . . 140 

Mar. -June . Restoration of temple of Mater Deum at Herculaneum, . . 100 

" . Repairs to Via Appia, 114, 115 

" . Inscription of Vespasian, 180 

July-Dec. . Inscription relating to grant of ius Latii in Spain, .... 54 

Dec. 2 . . . Diploma to urban and praetorian cohorts, 35 

Dedication by centurion, 287 

Inscription on pig of lead from Britain, 322 

Inscription on mass of marble, 329 

77. 

Jan. -June . Inscription relating to grant of ius Zatii in Spain, . ... 51 

" . Erection of temple to Sacra Urbs, 92 

" . Repairs to Via Latina, 122, 123, 124 

July 29 . . . Epistle to Saborensians, 84 

Restoration of bridge on Via Cassia, 117 

Acta Arvalium, . . , 154 

Inscription on shaft of balance, 336 

77-78. 

July-June . Construction of Road in Spain, 135 

" . Dedication to Titus, 202 

Restoration of territory to use of Diana Tifatina, ... 77, 78 

Restoration of unknown temple, 94 

78. 

Mar.-June . Dedication to Vespasian by sodales Titii, 91 

. Repairs to roads in Bithynia, 145 

July. -Dec. . Construction of Via Flavia, 119 

. Inscription of Vespasian, 181 

Acta Arvalium, . 155, 156 

79. 

Jan.-June . Repairs to Via Augusta in Spain, 130 

" . Construction of bridge at Aquae Flaviae in Spain, .... 138 

. Dedication to Vespasian, 198 

April 9 . . . Inscription relating to collegium dendrophorum, .... 164 

Jun. 23-Dec. Dedication of amphitheatre at Laodicea to Titus, .... 107 

July-Dec. . Restoration of Marcian aqueduct, 112 

Repairs to Via Aurelia, 116 

Construction of Via Flavia, . 120, 121 

Construction of roads in Cyprus, 148 

Dedication to Titus, 208 

Nov. 7-1 1 . Inscription on statue of Memnon, 305 



134 



Chronological Index of Inscriptions. 



80. 

Jan. -June . Repairs to Via Flaminia, 118 

Construction of road in Spain, 131-134, 136, 137 

Work on road in Numidia, 141 

Dedication to Titus and Domitian, 206 

June 13 . . Diploma to auxiliaries in Pannonia, 36 

Sepulchral inscription of soldier, 286 

Inscription on mass of marble, 330 

Fragments, 342, 351 

80-81. 

July-June . Arch of Titus in Circus Maximus, 10 

" . Restorations at Naples after earthquake, 101 

" . Dedication of bath at Aperlae to Titus, 109 

" . Restoration of Claudian aqueduct, 111 

. Construction of roads in Galatia and adjoining provinces, . 146 

Nov. 7-Jun. 2 Inscriptions on Statue of Memnon, 306 

Acta Arvalium, 159 

Inscription connected with collegium aerari Saturni, . . 163 

81. 

June 29 . . Dedication to Hercules, 255 

Acta Arvalitim, 160 

Uncertain, but during reigns of Vespasian and Titus. 

6, 23, 72, 73, 76, 80-82, 89, 90, 93, 95, 96, 102, 104, 105, 128, 149, 150, 157 
158, 162, 165, 167, 170, 173, 174, 176, 179, 185, 188, 192, 194, 195, 197, 199, 201 
205, 207, 222-224, 22 6, 228, 229, 236, 254, 257, 259, 261-263, 269, 272, 289, 290 
292, 294, 296-303, 323-325, 33 T , 33 8 -34i, 343, 345, 355-360, 362-364, 366 



Undated, or not during reigns of Vespasian and Titus. 

if 5, 7-9, n-22, 24-27, 37-42, 52, 53, 57-71, 83, 98, 103, 108, 209-220, 227 
230-235, 237-241, 244, 245, 247-253, 256, 258, 260, 264-268, 270, 271, 273, 274 
275-285, 288, 293, 295, 307-309, 326, 332-335, 344, 347-550, 352-354, 361 



LIST OF SUFFECT CONSULS. 



70 Nov. L. Annius Bassus, C. Caecina Paetus, 175 

71 April Domitianus, Cn. Pedius Cascus, 31, 32, 33 

June Domitianus, C. Valerius Festus, 169, 291 

July L. Flavius Fimbria, C. Atilius Barbarus, 291, 310 

72 May C. Licinius Mucianus III, T. Flavius Sabinus II, ... . 152, 169 

73 M. Arrecinus Clemens, 169 

74 Jan. 13 Ti. Plautius Silvanus Aelianus II, 311 

May Q. Petillius Cerialis Caesius Rufus II, T. Clodius Kprius Mar 

cellus II, , 34 

74 Sex. Iulius Frontinus, [?] . . . . ' 169 

75 Domitianus III, 29 

76 Domitianus IIII 139, 140 

Dec. Galeo Tettienus Petronianus, M. Fulvius Gillo, 35 

77 or 78 Domitianus V, 145 

78 or 79 Domitianus VI, 145 

80 Jun.i3L. Aelius Plautius Lamia Aelianus, C. Marius Marcellus Oc- 

tavius Publius Cluvius Rufus, 36 

Dec. M. Tittius Frugi, T. Vinicius Iulianus, 159 

80 L. Aelius Plautius Lamia Aelianus, Q. Pactumeius Fronto, . 159 

81 Mar. M. Roscius Coelius, C. Iulius Iuvenalis, . 160 

May L. Vettius Paullus, T. Iunius Montanus, 159, 160, 255 

Sept. M. Petronius Umbrinus, L,. Carmiuius Lusitanicus, 160 

Uncertain [Oct. 72?] C. Arruntius Catellius Celer, M. Arruntius Aquila, 85 
[74?] Tampius Flavianus II, M. Pompeius Silvanus II, , . . 317 
P. Calvisius Ruso, L,. Caesennius Paetus, 254 



INDEX OF NAMES. 



Wherever possible, the name is indexed under the nomen. The names of Vespasian 
and Titus are omitted, because of the frequency of their occurrence. The references are 
to the numbers of the inscriptions in this volume. 



Achilles, 365 

Aelius Niger, M., 49 

Aelius Fronto, L., 52 

Aelius Plautius Lamia Aelianus, 

L., 3 6 > 159 

Aepolus Galbianus, 296 

Aglais, 237 

Aglaus .... 237 

Agrasius Marcellus, P., . . . . 174 
Allius Tyrranus, M., . . . 171, 172 

Amemphus, 242 

Amullia Primigenia, 164 

Annia, 188 

Annius Bassus, L., 175 

Antonia Caenis, 237 

Antouius Aristomenes, M., . . 166 
Antouius Cascellius, M., . . . 166 
Antouius Flamrna, M., . . . . 166 

Antonius Naso, L-, 145 

Apollonius, 206 

Apollonius, 240 

Aponius Saturninus, M., ... 264 

AppiaSevera, 277, 278 

Appius Severus, Sex., 277 

Appuieius Arnpliatus, . . . . 165 

Aprilis Lampadar, 300 

Aristeides, 224 

Ariston, , 291 

Arrecina Gnomes, 235 

Arrecma Tertulla, .... 234, 235 
Arreciuus Clemens, M., 169,174, 335 

Arrecinus Melior, M., 234 

Arria Trophime, 288 

Arrius Macer, L,., 288 

Arruntius Aquila, M., ' . . .85, 252 
Arruntius Catellius Celer, C. See 
Pompeius Vopiscus C. Arrun- 
tius Catellius Celer, I v . 
Arruntius Maximus, L., . . . 138 

Artemidorus, 206 

Artemon, 258 

Asiaticus, 165 

Asinius Pollio Verrucosus, 159, 163 
Atilius Barbaras, C, ... 291, 310 
Atilius Rums, T., 36 



Atinius Rufus, P., 34, 36 

Attica, 216 

Aurelius Avitus, T., 109 

Aurelius Primus, C, .... 171, 172 

Avidius Ius , 168 

Avidius Octavius, C, 168 

Avillius Arrianus, 291 

Avillius Clemens, C, 83 

Baebius Avitus, I/., 60 

Barronius, M., 168 

Besia Iucunda, 165 

Betitius Pietas, C, 276 

Betitius Pius, 276 

Bienus Longus, C, 109 

Blossius Olympicus, M., . ... 15 

Blossius Pudens, M., 15 

Caecilia Lampris, 46 

Caecilius Fronto, C. , 284 

Caecilius Iovinus, I,., .... . 34 

Caecilius Telesphorus, Q., . . . 218 

Caecina Evanthe, C 241 

Caecina Larga, . . 11 

Caecina Paetus, C, . . 88, 175, 24T 

Caesennia, 270 

Caesennius Gallus, A., . . . 146, 270 

Caesennius Herma, A., .... 270 

Caesennius Italicus, A., . . . . 270 

Caesennius Paetus, L,. , . . 239 
Caesennius Paetus, T,. See Iuni- 

us Caesennius Paetus, L. 

Caesilius Taunscus, L., . . . . 174 

Caesius Fistulanus, Q., . . . . 281 

Caesius Optaadus, Q., 281 

CaetenniusCemens, P., .... 32 

Callistus, 243 

Callistus Hyginianus, 238 

Calpetanus Rantius Quirinalis 

Valerius Festus, C, 27, 86, 106 

131-134, 136-138, 169, 291 

Calpurnius Maximus, . . . 163 
Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinia- 

nus, L,., 1 

Calventia Corneliana, 218 



Index of Names. 



137 



Calvisia, 233 

Calvisius Philotas, P., 233 

Calvisius Ruso, P., 254 

Calvisius Sabinus, C, 123 

Cannutius l/ucullus, L,., . . . . 34 

Carantia, 38 

Carantius Macrinus, M., .... 285 

Carantius Phoebus, 38 

Carantius Verecundus, C, . . . 38 

Carminius lyusitanicus, h., . . 160 

Cavarius, 168 

Ceionius Commodus, L,., 155, 277, 278 

Cessius Cestus, Cn., 31 

Cestius Calpenius, 165 

Cisonia Firruilla, 281 

Claudia Iusta, 164 

Claudia Ptolemais, 164 

Claudius, Ti., 83 

Claudius Aristion, Ti., .... 194 

Claudius Atticus, Ti., 34 

Claudius Biou Nouianus, Ti., . 206 

Claudius Clemens, Ti., . . 85, 89 

Claudius Demosthenes, Ti., . . 31 

Claudius Epaphroditus, Ti., . . 31 

Claudius Helius, Ti., 174 

Claudius Her , Ti., .... 365 

Claudius M__ , M., . . . . 168 

Claudius Physeinus, Ti., . . . 195 

Claudius Sabinus, Ti., 208 

Claudius Theopompus, Ti., . . 208 

Clearchus, 167 

Clemens, 295 

Clodius, M., 188 

Clodius Eprius Marcellus, T., 34, 245 
246, 247, 248 

Clodius Marcellus, 188 

Clodius Rusticus, M., 188 

Cluvius Rufus. See Marius Mar- 
cellus Octavius Cluvius Rufus, 
C. 

Cocceius Nerva, M., 161, 168, 242, 285 

Coelius Capella, L., 83 

Coelius Gallus, Q., 274 

Cominius, C, ........ . 39 

Cominius Bassus, T., 286 

Cominius Secundus, C. , . . . . 39 

Cornelia Zosima, 302 

Cornelius, P., 168 

Cornelius Cerialis, .... 290, 291 

Cornelius Gallicanus, ..... 285 

Cornelius Iulianus, Ser., . . . 233 

Cornelius Maecianus, D., . . . 138 

Cornelius Persicus, C. , .... 302 

Cornelius Severus, C, 84 

Cornelius Simo, I/., 31 

Cornelius Sulla, 77, 78 

Cossutius Epaphroditus, C, . . 254 

Crescens, 299 



Daphnus, 297 

Diadumenus, 300 

Didius Gallus Fabricius Veien- 

to, A., 216 

Didius Praxia, Appius, .... 31 

Dillius Aponianus, 87 

Dillius Vocula, C, 23 

Domesticus, 284 

Domitia Iyongina, 236 

Domitianus Caesar, 28, 29, 31-33, 98 

106, 131-134, 139, Mo, 145, 146, 153 

157, 159, 160, 163, 168, 169, 196, 176 

206, 211, 221-224, 236, 243 285, 291 
301, 302, 327, 330, 338, 342 
Domitius Afer Titius Marcellus 

Curvius Lucanus, Cn., ... 25 

Domitius Curvius Tullus, Cn., . 26 

Domitius Florus, C, . ... 198 

Domitius L,epidus, Iy., . . . . 291 

Egnatius Cato, Q., . . 106, 139, 140 

Ennius Ferox, L., 35 

Epaphroditus, 293 

Epidius Sabinus, M., . 307, 308, 309 
Eprius Marcellus. See Clodius 
Eprius Marcellus, T. 

Eunus, 85 

Eutactus, 295 

Eutrapelus, 36 

Fabius Fabullus, M., > . 8 

Fabricius Veiento. See Didius 

Gallus Fabricius Veiento, A. 

Faenius Evanthes, Iy., .... 174 

Fanius Celer, T., 32 

Faustina S ia, 164 

Firmus, 63 

Flavia Aphrodisia, 22 

Elavia Domitilla, . . 228-232, 233 

Flavia Helpis Caenidiana, . . . 238 

Flavia Sabina, 239, 240 

Flavius ni__us, T., 191 

Flavius Alexander, T., . . . . 71 

Flavius Clemens, ....... 232 

Flavius Euschemon, T., . . . . 22 

Flavius Fimbria, h., ... 291, 310 

Flavius Hermes, 71 

Flavius Sabinus, 6 

Flavius Sabinus, 93 

Flavius Sabinus, T., . . . . 152, 169 
Flavius Silva Nonius Bassus, L-, 

I59> l6 3 

Flavius Urbanus, M., 284 

Flavius Vespasianus, T., . . . 1 

Fonteius Evaristus, 165 

Fortunatus, 293 

Frugi, L., 291 



138 



Index of Names. 



Fufius Iunius Tadius Mefitanus, 

C, 155, 156, 1593 160 

Fulvius Gillo, M., 35, 194, 195, 249 
250 

Fulvius Leitus, M., 250 

Fulvius Lupus Servilianus, C, 62 
Fulvius Phoebus, C, . . .171, 172 

Fulvius Probus, 290, 291 

Furinius Faustus, C, ... 171, 172 

Galerius Trachalus, P., . . 253, 334 

Gallus, 274 

Gemina Felicia, 296 

Geminus Spes, C, 296 

Glene, 237 

Glitius, P., 70 

Glitius Atilius Agricola, Q., . . 280 

Granius Rufus, 291 

Helvia Procula, 23 

Helvidius Priscus, C, . . . 273, 274 

Helvius Lepidus, C, 30 

Herrnaeus, 5 

Herrenius Peregrinus, L., . . . 259 
Hygia, 240 

Iaiiuarius, 300 

Ianuarius, . 301 

Iulia Augusta, . . 159, 225-227, 326 

Iulia Concessa, 62 

Iulia Helpis, 40 

Iulia Prima, 243 

Iulia Sabina, 301 

Iulia Veneria, 40 

Iulius Agatliocles, C, 31 

Iulius Alexander, Ti., 269 

Iulius Candidus Marius Celsus, 

Ti., . . . . 152, 153, 159, 160 

Iulius December, C, 40 

Iulius Felix, C 40 

Iulius Frontitms, Sex., .... 169 

Iulius Hermes, C, 173 

Iulius Hor Cornutus Tertul- 

bis, C, 59 

Iulius Italicus, Sex., 34 

Iulius Iuvenalis, C, 160 

Iulius Livianus, 291 

Iulius Longinus, C, 40 

Iulius Lupus, Ti., 303 

Iulius Mithros, C, 206 

Iulius Plaucius Varus Cornutus, 

C 59 

Iulius Prosdoxus, C., 40 

Iulius Quadratus, A., . . . 152, 155 

Iulius Regillus, C., 173 

Iulius Rufus, T 32 

Iulius Saturninus, 286 

Iulius Silvinus, L., 34 



Iulius Theopompus, C, ... 31 

Iunius, 291 

Iunius, M., 257 

Iunius Caesennius Paetus, L-, . 254 

Iunius Calviuus, L., 304 

Iunius Faustinus, L. , 50 

Iunius Latro, L., 202 

Iunius Mamius Faustinus, L., . 50 

Iunius Maximus, 165 

Iunius Montanus, T., . 159, 160, 255 

Iunius Silanus, M., 274 

Laberius Maximus, 159 

Laetus, 328, 329, 330 

Larcia Priscilla, 11 

Larcius Lepidus, A., 11 

Lasemo, 85 

Lepidius Proculus, L. , 14 

Licinius Crassus Scribonianus, 1 

Licinius Victor, 53 

Licinius Mucianus, C, . 5, 151, 152 
169, 332 

Licinius Pollio, 290 

Licinius Proclus, C, 290 

Licinius Proclus, L., 206 

Lollianus, tilius, 66 

Longus, fius, 168 

Lucilius Bassus, Sex.,(t/! p. 8) 31, 32 

Lurius Moderatus, P., . . . 32 

Luscius Ocrea, L., 196 

Lusia Paullina, 271 

Lusius Gallus, A., 271 

Macer 168 

Maecius Postumus, L., 152, 153, 155 

Manlius Felix, C, 69 

Manlius Laurus, P., 36 

Marcellus, 168 

Marcellus, 182 

Marcius Priscus, Sex., 37, 104, 261 
262, 263 

Marcius Proculus, C, 32 

Marcus, 31 

Maritimus, 168 

Marius Celsus. See Iulius Candi- 
dus Marius Celsus, Ti. 
Marius Marcellus Octavius Pub- 

lius Cluvius Rufus, C, . . . 36 

Marius Orthrus, 240 

Matidius Patruinus, C. See Salo- 
uius Matidius Patruinus, C. 

Maximus, 3 11 

Meclonia Secundilla, 290 

Meuecrates, 194 

Menogenes, 194 

Meuophilus, 194 

Mestrius Florus, L-, 266 

Metrodorus, 194 



Index of Names. 



139 



Mettius Potnpusianus. See Pom- 

pusius Mettius, L. 
Minicia Rustica, . 
Minieius Italus, C, 
Miuicius Rufas, 
Minutius Laetus, C 
Mithridates, . . . 
Mummeius, Cn., . 



3°4 
16 

285 

287 
29 

168 



Naevius Diadumenus, T. , . . . 89 

Nassius Phoebus, M., 30 

Neratia Procilla, 276 

Nerianus Clemens, Sex., ... 36 

Nerva, 30 

Nicostratus, 107, 108 

Nonius, M 47 

Nonius Bassus. See Salvius Li- 
beralis Nonius Bassus, C. 

Norbanus Balbus, I,., 274 

Novius Priscus, D., . . . . 155, 333 

Novius Priscus, D., 174 

Octavia Secunda, . 41 

Octavia Urs , 41 

Octavius Pastor, C, 41 

Octavius Trog , C, . . . . 41 

Orcivia Phoebes 242 

Otacilius Sagitta, 85 

Pactumeia Vev 65 

Pactumeius Clemens, Q. , . . . 64 

Pactumeius Fronto, Q 159 

Paetus, 156 

Papirius Aequos, C, 28 

Paquius Aulanius, M., .... 274 

Pedius Cascus, Cn., . . .31, 32, 33 

Persicus, . . 302 

Petillius Cerialis Caesius Rufus, 

Q-, 34 

Petronius Musaeus, Q., . . . . 30 

Petroiiius Umbrinus, M., . . . 160 
Pinarius Aemilius Cicatricula, 

Cn., 37, I4i 

Pinarius Cornelius Clemens, Cn. , 24 

34, 79) I2 9 
Piso Frugi. See Calpurnius Piso 

Frugi Licinianus, L. 

Plator, 32 

Plautius Silvanus Aelianus, Ti., 260 

3ii 

PlotiusP , L., 148 

Poblicius Crescens, Q., . . . . 32 
Pompeius Apollonius, L-, . 266 
Pompeius Collega, Cn., . . 147, 267 
Pompeius Faveutinus, .... 17 

Pompeius Planta, 196 

Pompeius Silvanus, M., 83, 244, 317 



Pompeius Vopiscus C. Arruntius 

Catellius Celer, L., . . 85, 153, 159 
160, 202 

Pomponius Bassus, 259 

Pompusius Mettius, L., . . . . 163 

Poppaeus Severus, 291 

Porcius Sabellus, Iv., 51 

Portumius Phoebus, C, . . . . 174 

Primigenius, 177 

Primigenius Iuvencianus, ... 90 

Priscus, ionius, 163 

Publicius Crescens, Q., . . . . 30 

Publicius Germullus, Iy., . . . 30 

Publicius Macedo, Q., 30 

Publilius Memoralis, 85 

Pudens, L,., 290, 291 

Pulcher, 290 

Pullius Ianuarius, Iy., 36 

Pullius Speratus, L,., 36 

Raecius Libo, P., 83 

Raecius Rufus, Q., 13 

Rhodiuus, 242 

Roscius Coelius, M., 160 

Rutilius Gallicus, C. , 80 

Rutilius Varus, T., 279 

Safinius, C, 168 

Saliustius Blaesus, P., . 154-156, 159 

160 

Salouius Matidius Patruinus, C, 155 

SaJvius, . 310 

Salvius Liberalis Nonius Bassus, 

C, 61, 155, 156, 256 

Salvius Norbanus, M., . . . . 34 

Salvius Vitellianus, C, . . . . 256 

Satellius Eutychus, T., . . . . 165 

Satellius Lascivus, T., 165 

Satria Pietas, 164 

Saturninus, 74 

Saturninus, 190 

Scriboniauus. See Licinius Cras- 

sus Scribouianus. 

Secundus, tius, ...... 125 

Secundus, inius, 269 

Septimia, 14 

Sementivus, 36 

Sempronius Secundus, C, . . . 34 

Sentius Caecilianus, Sex., 80, 81, 251 

Sepdmius Severus, M., . . . . 84 

Servenius Cornutus, L., . 264, 265 

Siciu__ivocepta, 164 

Silius Carpus, L. , 174 

Soio Bessus, 36 

Statius Patroclus, ly., 174 

Stephanus, 292 

Silaccius Philetus, M , . . . . 36 

Suavettia Amaryllis, 165 



I 4° 



Index of Names. 



Suavettia Lacesis, 165 

Suavettius Alexander, 165 

Subrius Dexter, Sex., . . .126, 127 

Successus, 74 

Successus. 298 

Suedius Clemeus, T., . 76, 305, 307 
30S, 309 

Suerris Philunienus, 366 

Suillius Celer, P., 174 

Sulpicius Firmus, L., 206 

Tadius Mefitanus, C. See Fufius 
Iunius Tadius Mefitanus, C. 

Tampius Flavianus 7, 317 

Tampins Rufus, L., 7 

Tauicius Verus, L., 306 

Tatia, 108 

Tatia Baucylla 232 

Telesphorus, cius, 204 

Terentia Athenais, 164 

Tettia Casta, ....... 291 

Tettienus Petronianus, Galeo, . 35 

Tettienus Serenus, 285 

Thallus, 326 

Theogenes, 246 

Thvrsus 159 

Tillius Eryllus. Q., 274 

Tillius Sassius, Q., 151. 152, 155, 159 
160. 274 

Timotheus, 194 

Titedius, C, 168 

Titia Flaccilla, 274 

Tittius Frugi, M., 159 

Trauquiliius Rufus, 291 

Trebellius Maxirnus. M., . . . 152 

Trebia Procula, 13 

Trophimus, 206 

Tullius Varro. P., 268 

Tyrannus, 206 

Ulpia Calliste, 238 

Ulpius Traianus, M., . . . 107, 257 

25S, 259 

Urbanius Matto, T., 203 



Vaccius Vilnius, P., 274 

Valeria Cale 42 

Valerius Acutus, L,., 30 

Valerius Albanus, T., ... 203 

Valerius Catullus Messalinus, L., 243 

Valerius Clemens, C, ..... . 21 

Valerius Festus, C. See Calpeta- 
nus Rantius Quirinalis Valeri- 
us Festus, C. 

Valerius Festus. P., 192 

Valerius Fortunatus, L., ... 42 
Valerius Propiuquus Grattius Ce- 

realis, M 68 

Valerius Rufus, 55 

Valerius Sceptus, C, 219 

Valerius Secundus, P., . . . . 83 

Valerius Valens, L., 42 

Varius Arrianus, C, 288 

Vedennius Moderatus, C, . . . iS 

Vennouius Zosimus L., . . 171, 172 

Venuleius Apronianus, L., . . 159 

Veratius Ouadratus, L., 153, 155, 156 

157. *59i l6 ° 

Vergilias Gailus Lusius, M., . . 271 

Verrius Liberalis, 291 

Vespasia Polla, 220 

Vettia Romula, 219 

Vettilla, . 57 

Vettius Paullns, L., . . 159, 160, 255 

Vettulenus Cerialis, Sex. , . . 12, 271 

Vettulenus Civica Cerialis, C, . 272 

Veturius, 34 

Veturius Flaccus, 163 

Veturius Meloccottius, L. , . . . 203 

Vibia Felicula, 289 

Vibius Felicio, Q., 289 

Vibius Fronto, C, 255 

Vibius Martialis, M., 176 

Vibius ZVIaximus. P., 32 

Vibius Tiro. C. .' 168 

Vinicius Iulianus, T., 159 

Vipstauus Apronianus, C, 152, 155 

156. 159 

Vitellia Rufilla, 256 



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